to remind you of him. May the Great Spirit bless you and your children. Farewell."

On visiting Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, and other places, he became quite a lion." Among others, the ladies sought his acquaintance, and were highly complimented by the old chief, with the appellation generally, of "Pretty squaws! pretty squaws!"

On returning to his people, with much difficulty he was received, and accepted once more as a chief. He lived in peace and quietness till October 3, 1830, when he was gathered to his fathers, and buried on the banks of the Mississippi.

Black Hawk, compared with Philip of Pokanoket, Pontiac, Little Turtle, or Tecumseh, was but an ordinary man-inferior vastly, to either. That he was brave is probable. Mere bravery is but a common virtue in the savage. That he was politic. beyond others, can scarcely be pretended. He evinced no peculiar talents in any of his plans, nor did he exhibit extraordinary skill in their accomplishment. That he was injured, all admit; and being roused to resentment, that he fought bravely, and sometimes successfully, cannot be denied. Deserted by those who had promised to be his friends, and deceived by men from whom he expected succor, he was convinced, at an early day, that his race was run. That he displayed the white flag, and gave notice of his willingness to surrender, on different occasions-before his little band of warriors were defeated, and dispersed-and was met and answered by the rifle, and obliged to fly, in order to save his life; that his flag was first fired upon by the whites, and then, as he says, "he fired too;" we must, with proof upon the subject everywhere abounding, in honesty admit. Black Hawk, therefore, merely fulfilled his destiny. The savage, it would seem, is ordained to retire before the civilized man. Such, for the last four thousand years, has been the course of God's Providence. Black Hawk affords another, and the last illustration, of its truth.

NOTE I.

By the treaty made at Fort Harmar in Ohio, on the 9th of January, 1797, the Pottawatomy and Sac tribes of Indians, among others," were received into friendship by the United States," and "a league of peace and amity" established between them respectively; and on the 27th of June, 1804, a treaty was made and executed at St. Louis, in the words following:

"Articles of a treaty, made at St. Louis, in the District of Louisiana, between William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory and of the District of Louisiana, superintendent of Indian affairs for the said territory and district, and commissioner plenipotentiary of the United States, for concluding any treaty, or treaties, which may be found necessary with any of the northwestern tribes of Indians, of the one part; and the chiefs and head men of the united Sac and Fox tribes, of the other part.

Article 1. The United States receive the united Sac and Fox tribes into their friendship and protection; and the said tribes agree to consider themselves under the protection of the United States, and of no other power whatsoever.

Article 2. The general boundary-line between the lands of the United States and of the said Indian tribes, shall be as follows, viz: Beginning at a point on the Missouri river, opposite to the mouth of the Gasconade river; thence, in a direct course so as to strike the river Jeffreon, at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down the said Jeffreon to the Mississippi; thence, up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wisconsin river, and up the same to a point which shall be thirty-six miles, in a direct line, from the mouth of said river; thence, by a direct line, to a point where the Fox river (a branch of the Illinois,) leaves the small lake called Sakaegan; thence, down the Fox river to the Illinois river, and down the same to the Mississippi. And the said tribes, for and in consideration of the friendship and protection of the United States, which is now extended to them; of the goods (to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents,) which are now delivered, and of the annuity hereinafter stipulated to be paid, do hereby cede and relinquish for ever, to the United States, all the lands included within the above-described boundary.

Article 3. In consideration of the cession and relinquishment of land made in the preceding article, the United States will deliver to the said tribes, at the town of St. Louis, or some other convenient place on the Mississippi, yearly and every year, goods suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the value of one thousand dollars, (six hundred of which are intended for the Sacs, and four hundred for the Foxes,) reckoning their value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States, where they shall be procured. And if the said tribes shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, the same shall, at the subsequent annual delivery, be furnished accordingly.

Article 4. The United States will never interrupt the said tribes in the possession of the lands which they rightfully claim; but will, on the contrary, protect them in the quiet enjoyment of the same, against their own citizens, and against all other white persons, who may intrude upon them. And the said tribes do hereby engage, that they will never sell their land, or any part thereof, to any sovereign power but the United States; nor to the citizens or subjects of any other sovereign power, nor to the citizens of the United States. Article 5. Lest the friendship which is now established between the United States and the said Indian tribes, should be interrupted by the misconduct of individuals, it is hereby agreed, that for injuries done by individuals, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but, instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured to the other; by the said tribes, or either of them, to the superintendent of Indian affairs, or one of his deputies; and by the superintendent, or other person appointed by the president, to the chiefs of the said tribes. And it shall be the duty of the said chiefs, upon complaint being made, as aforesaid, to deliver up the person or persons, against whom the complaint is made, to the end that he, or they, may be punished agreeably to the laws of the state or territory where the offence may have been committed. And, in like manner, if any robbery, violence, or murder, shall be committed on any Indian, or Indians, belonging to the said tribes, or either of them, the person or persons so offending, shall be tried, and if found guilty, punished, in like manner as if the injury had been done to a white man. And it is further agreed, that the chiefs of the said tribes shall, to the utmost of their power, exert themselves to recover horses, or other property, which may be stolen from any citizen or citizens of the United States, by any individual or individuals of their tribes. And the property so recovered, shall be forthwith delivered to the superintendent, or other person authorized to receive it, that it may be restored to the proper owner. And in cases where the exertions of the chiefs shall be ineffectual in recovering the property stolen, as aforesaid, if sufficient proof can be obtained, that such property was actually stolen by any Indian, or Indians, belonging to the said tribes or either of them, the United States may deduct from the annuity of the said tribes, a sum equal to the value of the property which was stolen. And the United States hereby guaranty to any Indian or Indians, of the said tribes, a full indemnification for any horses, or other property, which may be stolen from

them, by any of their citizens: Provided, that the property so stolen cannot be recovered, and that sufficient proof is produced that it was actually stolen by a citizen of the United States.

Article 6. If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person, should form a settlement, upon the lands which are the property of the Sac and Fox tribes, upon complaint being made thereof, to the superintendent, or other person having charge of the affairs of the Indians, such intruder shall forthwith be removed.

Article 7. As long as the lands which are now ceded to the United States remain their property, the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them.

Article 8. As laws of the United States, regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, are already extended to the country inhabited by the Sacs and Foxes, and as it is provided by those laws, that no person shall reside, as a trader, in the Indian country, without a license under the hand and seal of the superintendent of Indian affairs, or other person appointed for the purpose by the president, the said tribes do promise and agree, that they will not suffer any trader to reside among them, without such license, and that they will, from time to time, give notice to the superintendent, or to the agent for their tribes, of all the traders that may be in their country.

Article 9. In order to put a stop to the abuses and impositions which are practiced upon the said tribes, by the private traders, the United States will, at a convenient time, establish a trading-house or factory, where the individuals of the said tribes can be supplied with goods at a more reasonable rate than they have been accustomed to procure them. Article 10. In order to evince the sincerity of their friendship and affection for the United States, and a respectful deference for their advice, by an act which will not only be acceptable to them, but to the common Father of all the nations of the earth, the said tribes do, hereby, promise and agree that they will put an end to the bloody war which has heretofore raged between their tribe and the Great and Little Osages. And for the purpose of burying the tomahawk, and renewing the friendly intercourse between themselves and the Osages, a meeting of their respective chiefs shall take place, at which, under the direction of the above-named commissioner, or the agent of Indian affairs residing at St. Louis, an adjustment of all their differences shall be made, and peace established upon a firm and lasting basis.

Article 11. As it is probable that the Government of the United States will establish a military post at or near the mouth of the Wisconsin river, and as the land on the lower side of the river may not be suitable for that purpose, the said tribes hereby agree, that a fort may be built, either on the upper side of the Wisconsin, or on the right bank of the Mississippi, as the one or the other may be found most convenient; and a tract of land not exceeding two miles square, shall be given for that purpose; and the said tribes do further agree, that they will, at all times, allow to traders and other persons travelling through their country, under the authority of the United States, a free and safe passage for themselves, and their property of every description; and that for such passage, they shall, at no time, and on no account whatever, be subject to any toll or exaction.

Article 12. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the contracting parties, as soon as the same shall be ratified by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States.

In testimony whereof, the said William Henry Harrison, and the chiefs and head men of said Sac and Fox tribes, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals. Done at St. Louis, in the District of Louisiana, on the third day of November, one thousand eight hundred and four, and of the independence of the United States, the twenty-ninth.

ADDITIONAL ARTICLE.

It is agreed that nothing in this treaty contained, shall affect the claim of any individual or individuals, who may have obtained grants of lands from the Spanish government, and which are not included within the general boundary line, laid down in this treaty: Pro

vided, that such grant have any time been made known to the said tribes and recognized by them.

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

(L. S.)

JOHN GRIFFIN, one of the Judges of the Indiana Territory.

J. BRUFF, Major U. States Artillery.

AMOS STODDARD, Captain corps of Artillerists.

P. CHOTEAU, Agent de la haute Louisiana, pour le department sauvage.

On the 31st of December thereafter, this treaty was submitted to the Senate of the United States, by the president, and the same was duly ratified.

Of this treaty Black Hawk gives the following account. See Patterson's Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself, and certified to be authentic, by Antoine Le Clair, United States interpreter, and under date of the 16th of October, 1833, at page 27.

"Some moons after this young chief (Lieutenant Pike,) descended the Mississippi, one of our people killed an American, and was confined in the prison of St. Louis for the offence. We held a council at our village to see what could be done for him-which determined that Quash-qua-me, Pa-she-pa-ho, Ou-che-qua-ha, and Ha-she-quar-hi-qua, should go down to St. Louis, and see our American father, and do all they could to have our friend released, by paying for the person killed; thus covering the blood and satisfying the relations of the man murdered! This being the only means with us of saving a person who had killed another, and we then thought it was the same way with the whites. "The party started with the good wishes of the whole nation, hoping they would accomplish the object of their mission. The relations of the prisoner blacked their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit would take pity on them, and return the husband and the father to his wife and children.

"Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length returned and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared to be dressed in fine coats, and had medals. From these circumstances, we were in hopes they had brought us good news. Early the next morning, the council lodge was crowded-Quash-qua-me and party came up, and gave us the following account of their mission.

"On their arrival at St. Louis, they met their American father, and explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend. The American chief told them he wanted land, and they agreed to give him some on the west side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side opposite the Jeffreon. When the business was all arranged, they expected to have their friend released to come home with them. But about the time they were ready to start, their friend was led out of prison, who ran a short distance, and was shot dead. This is all they could recollect of what was said and done. They had been drunk the greater part of the time they were in St. Louis.

"This is all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been explained to me since. I find by that treaty, all our country east of the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon,

was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year! I will leave it to the people of the United States to say, whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty; or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by those four individuals. I could say much more about this treaty, but I will not at this time It has been the origin of all our difficulties."

Our Government, it is believed, in their intercourse with the savages, have never instituted any particular inquiries, for the purpose of ascertaining how far the chiefs were authorized to act by their people. The circumstances, in almost every case, have precluded the necessity, or even possibility, of such inquiries. In the one now under consideration, the American commissioner, (General Harrison,) notwithstanding Black Hawk's statement to the contrary, had every reason to suppose, that the chiefs who signed the treaty, had full power and authority to act in the premises; and subsequent acts conclusively show, in this respect, that he was not mistaken.

The Sacs and Foxes took no part in the war of the revolution, and none, we believe, in the Indian disturbances, which terminated by the treaty of Greenville, in 1795. They owned an extensive country, and had, (comparatively speaking,) but a limited population. It was frequently a matter of complaint with them, that while their neighbors were receiving annuities from the United States, the Sacs and Foxes were overlooked or forgotten. To sell a part of their lands, and receive annuities therefor, it would seem then was desirable. The commissioner, therefore, had a right to suppose, and unquestionably did suppose, that the chiefs with whom he was about to negotiate, were authorized by their tribes to do so. That they were so authorized, and that Black Hawk's statement, therefore, is untrue, is also evident from other facts and circumstances.

Black Hawk says, that a council had been held, and that four chiefs were deputed to go to St. Louis, etc.

The treaty, it seems, was signed by five, instead of four chiefs; and Pah-she-pa-ho, one of their number, it is conceded by all, was, at the time, the great head chief of the Sac nation.

Again. The treaty was publicly made; and a number of high-minded and honorable men were parties to it, in the character of commissioner, secretary, and witnesses. Among them were several officers of the army. The first governor of the territory of Louisiana, and Pierre Chouteau, at that time agent for the Sac and Fox Indians, and well acquainted with them.

Black Hawk is also mistaken in some other particulars. He says: "One of our people killed an American, and was confined in the prison at St. Louis for the offence." This, he says, occurred some moons after Lieutenant Pike descended the Mississippi.. Lieutenant Pike did not, in fact, leave St. Louis upon his expedition, until the 9th of August, 1805, more than a year after the date of the treaty. Black Hawk is, therefore, a bad chronicler of events.

Besides, this treaty, instead of being disavowed by the Indians, was recognized by them as binding, and the annuities therein mentioned, were paid to, and received by them. It was also recognized as binding by Black Hawk himself, at Portage Des Sioux, in 1816, at which time he affixed his own signature to a treaty, recognizing the former one made at St. Louis on the 3rd of November, 1804.

The pretence then set up by Black Hawk, that the cession of lands made in 1804, was without authority, fails; and the pretence itself would, in all probability, never have been made, but for certain evil-minded persons, anxious to foment difficulties between the civilized and the savage man.

NOTE II.

The massacre, above referred to, and the captivity of the Misses Hall one of them a young lady of sixteen, and the other of eighteen—the daughters of Mr. Hall, before men