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All this was wisely prevented in Pennsylvania, by the honest and upright conduct of William Penn, and his peaceful colonists; so that during the long period of seventy years, in which the Quakers held the government of that colony, they lived in perfect peace with the natives. Yet they had the same savage Indians to deal with, the same ferocious and barbarous passions to guard against, and were in a much more exposed situation; for they had neither sword nor musket, nor fort nor stockade. They did not judge it necessary to have soldiers, nor provide ammunition, nor set a guard. They spoke the language of peace to the natives, and proved their sincerity and honesty by their pacific conduct and defenceless situation. They maintained an invariable testimony to the natives, that all wars were unlawful and wicked, and that it was much better to bear injuries patiently, than to gratify a principle of revenge.

These pacific measures and corresponding conduct, on the part of William Penn and his followers, produced their proper effect on the natives; so that whatever attacks were made upon the settlers of lands in their neighborhood, none was ever made upon those who settled on the lands purchased by William Penn. And it is worthy of remark, that so great was the confidence of the various tribes of Indians bordering upon Pennsylvania, in the wisdom and justice of the Quakers, that in matters of great public concern, it was common for them to send deputies to the Quakers for advice; and they have been prevailed upon to relinquish wars which they had contemplated to make. Such has been the effect of pacific principles on the savages of America; and such we find to be the difference between the policy of war and that of peace, when fairly tested by their different effects.

This difference was still more remarkably exemplified in Pennsylvania, after the government of that colony was transferred from the friends and followers of William Penn, and fell into the hands of those who maintained the war policy. This hitherto peaceful province then became, for a long season, a scene of savage warfare, and those same wild, but previous to this period, peaceful children of nature, instead of being converted to the benign gospel of peace, were, by this fatal war-policy of professed Christians, transferred into the most inveterate enemies. Driven to desperation by the fraud and oppression of their white neighbors, it was but natural for them to wreak their vengeance on their oppressors, to the full extent of their power. Nor did they surpass their white brethren in deeds of wanton cruelty. And

what was the consequence? With a vast expense of treasure, and a great sacrifice of lives, the whites succeeded in exterminating their red brethren from the land of their fathers, and from all the enjoyments of their ancient dominions. All this guilt of blood and waste of treasure, might have been easily spared, had the just and pacific principles of William Penn been continued among them. Here the widely different effects between pacific and hostile principles must be obvious and indisputable, having been thus fairly tested under the influence of both these principles, and upon the same savage Indians.

THE LOO-CHOO ISLANDERS.

The inhabitants of these islands afford another remarkable instance of the happy effects of pacific principles. The Loo-Choo islands have been but recently discovered by Europeans. They are situated in the Chinese sea, between 26 and 27 degrees of north latitude, and about four or five hundred miles from the eastern coast of China, in about 127 degrees east longitude.

In the year 1816, Lord Amherst was sent as an ambassador from Great Britain to China. The two armed ships, the Alceste, commanded by Capt. Maxwell, and the Lyra, commanded by Capt. Hall, after landing the ambassador, visited the largest of these islands, called the Great LooChoo. After the ships came to anchor, many of the na❤ tives came on board, and among others, a person of some rank, who, it was discovered, could understand the Chinese servant whom they had on board. This opened the way for communication by means of an interpreter.

The next morning three chiefs came on board, and were conducted into the cabin and introduced to Capt. Maxwell. As they were desirous to know from whence the ships came, and what was their reason for coming into the harbor, Capt. Maxwell informed them, through the interpreter, that the ships belonged to the king of England; that they had been to China with an ambassador,* and on their return towards Canton, had experienced bad weather, and had been obliged to put in there to make some repairs, and to procure supplies of fresh provisions, water and vegetables. This intimation induced them to send on board a party of native shipwrights and caulkers. But they were informed

They had been up the Yellow Sea, where they had landed the ambassador on his way to Pokin

that they had carpenters on board, and that they only wanted an asylum while making their repairs, with permission to take on board provisions and water. Accordingly a supply of bullocks, pigs, goats, fowls, and vegetables were sent on board. This supply of provisions was regularly continued during the whole time the ships continued in the harbor, which was six weeks; and, as they were afterwards informed, was furnished by the government; nor could the chiefs be persuaded to receive any compensation for this, or for any other favor which had been granted.

Captain Maxwell, in a conference with the chiefs, informed them that it would be necessary to land a part of the ship's stores, and also to have a party on shore to work.Some of the ship's crew being out of health, permission was also requested to bring them on shore for the re-establishment of their health. These requests being communicated to the government, and permission obtained, a place was assigned in a convenient enclosure, surrounded by a wall built of coral blocks, twelve feet high, and containing a large building or temple, in the form of a Chinese pagoda, besides other smaller buildings, very well adapted to the present occasion. The temple being divided into various apartments, a part of it was appropriated to the use of the sick and their attendants. At the gate which led into this enclosure, a notice was affixed, both in the Loo-Choo and the English language, that no person was to enter without a written permission from Capt. Maxwell or from one of the chiefs.

"About this time a mutual friendship began to exist between us, and confidence took place of timidity. Many of these islanders displayed a spirit of intelligence and genius. They all seemed to be gifted with a sort of politeness which had the fairest claim to be termed natural: for there was nothing constrained, nothing stiff or studied in it."" Nothing could be more interesting," says Capt. Hall, "than to observe the care the natives took of the sick men. They crowded round to assist them out of the boats, and carried those who were confined to their beds, all the way from the beach to the hospital. A number of people also attended to support the invalids, who had barely strength to walk; and others were happy to be permitted to carry the clothes. No sooner were the sick safely lodged, than eggs, milk, fowls, and vegetables, all ready cooked, were brought to them."

During the time that the repairs were going on, Capt. Hall was sent with the brig Lyra to take a survey of the

coasts and harbors round the island. On his return he writes thus: 66 I was glad to find some sick men of my ship much recovered, and very grateful for the kindness of the natives. Milk, eggs, meat and vegetables, had been brought to them every day; and whenever they felt disposed to take exercise, were sure to be accompanied by one or two of the natives, who held their arms and helped them up the steep side of the hill, behind the hospital, to a pleasant grassy spot on the summit, and having lighted pipes for them, remained patiently till the invalids wished to reIn short, I suppose sailors were never so caressed before; and it was pleasing to observe how much our hardy seamen were softened by such gentle intercourse: for it was not to the sick alone that the influence of this unaffected suavity of manners extended. The whole crews of both ships participated in the same kindly sentiment, and laid aside, for the time, all their habitual roughness of manner, and without any interference on the part of the officers, treated the natives, at all times, with the greatest consideration and kindness."

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"The island of Loo-Choo is about 60 miles long and 20 broad; it is situated in the happiest climate of the globe.Refreshed by the sea breezes, which blow over it at every period of the year, it is free from the extremes of heat and cold, which oppress many other countries. The people seemed to enjoy robust health: for we observed no diseased objects, nor beggars of any description. The administration of the government seems to partake of the general mildness of the people; and yet it appears highly efficient, from the very great order which is always maintained, and the general diffusion of happiness. Crimes are said to be very unfrequent among them, and they seem to go perfectly unarmed."

Capt. Hall, in speaking of an excursion among the inhabitants in a distant part of the island, says, "As we had not seen any kind of military weapons at Loo-Choo, we looked out for them sharply at all these places. The natives always declared that they had none, and their behavior on seeing a musket fired, implied an ignorance of firearms; and they always denied having any knowledge of war, either by experience or tradition.""

Some of the officers of the ships, in one of their walks, greatly surprised the natives by shooting and killing several birds on the wing. In the course of the day the chiefs came to Capt. Maxwell on board the Alceste, appearing ve

ry unhappy at something which had taken place; and yet seemed fearful of giving offence by mentioning it. "After many apologies, and much to Capt. Maxwell's relief, who feared something very disastrous had occurred, they stated that the inhabitants were alarmed by all this firing, and would take it as the greatest possible kindness, if neither Capt. Maxwell, nor any of his officers, would in future carry fire-arms on shore." They also observed, "that the natives were grieved to see their little birds shot. Capt. Maxwell hastened to assure them of his regret for what had passed; and to set their minds at rest, immediately, and in their presence, wrote an order, forbidding any person be longing to the ships to fire at the birds, or even to carry a gun during our stay at Loo-Choo."

"We never saw any punishment inflicted at Loo-Choo ; a tap with a fan or an angry look, being the severest chastisement ever resorted to, at least as far as we ever saw, or could hear about. In giving their orders, the chiefs were mild in manner and expression, tho quite decided; and the people always obeyed them with alacrity and cheerfulness. There seemed to exist the greatest respect and confidence on the one hand, which was met by correspondent consideration and kind feeling on the other.-We saw nothing like poverty or distress of any kind; every one we met seemed contented and happy."

"It was indeed extremely interesting to observe how early the gentle manners, and amiable disposition of all classes of society at Loo-Choo, won the hearty good will even of our rough seamen. From the very first hour of our visit, by a sort of universal and tacit understanding, which rendered orders on the subject unnecessary, the natives were treated by every one, not only with kindness, but what was more remarkable, with entire confidence."

"That proud and haughty feeling of national superiority, so strongly existing among the common class of British seamen, which induces them to hold all foreigners cheap, was, at this island, completely subdued and tamed by the gentle manners and kind behaviour of the most pacific people in the world. Altho completely intermixed, and often working together, both on shore and on board, not a single quarrel or complaint took place on either side, during the whole of our stay. On the contrary, each succeeding day added to friendship and cordiality.'

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During our intercourse with these people, there never occurred one instance of theft, altho the natives were, at all

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