It is, we think, hardly necessary for us to present a detailed sketch of the events of Mr. Wilberforce's life, and to enumerate the various occurrences and changes in it, which will be better read in the work itself, accompanied, as they are there, with anecdotes and reflections that explain and illustrate the transactions as they proceed. Our object, in the small space we possess, is rather to present a general view of his character, from the original and authentic sources; and, if we can so compress the materials required, to enable our readers at least to know what were the leading features of a mind of no common structure, and to become acquainted with one "quem homines comiter et benigne salutaverant ròv οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ σωτῆρα καὶ εὐεργέτην αὐτῶν γεγενήμενον." When Mr. Wilberforce, early in life, lost his father, he was sent to live with his uncle at Wimbledon, who was a rigid Methodist his aunt was a great admirer of Whitfield's preaching, and kept up a friendly connexion with the early Methodists. The lively affections of his heart, warmed by the kindness of his friends, readily assumed their tone.* It is said that a rare and pleasing character of piety marked even his twelfth year; and his sons give their opinion "that there can be little doubt that the acquaintance with holy Scripture and habits of devotion, which he then acquired, fostered that baptismal seed which though long dormant [?] was destined to produce at last a golden harvest." Partly by his residence among some thoughtless companions at college, where he was distinguished for the quickness of his talents, and loved for his hospitality and good-nature, partly by the zealous endeavours of his own family to remove the serious impressions which had been formed in his uncle's society, the allurements of worldly pleasure gained the mastery, and he soon entered, without reluctance, into a life of gaiety and amusement, Not only his station in society, and the agreeableness of his manners, secured his reception with the principal inhabitants of the city where he lived, but his taste, the sweetness of his voice, and his musical talents, made him everywhere acceptable.† Yet he passed through this dangerous part of the passage of life without any abandonment of his principles or any stain on the purity of his conduct. His friend Lord Clarendon, who knew him at this period of his life, says, "He had never, in the smallest degree, a dissolute character, however short his early habits might be of that constant piety and strictness which was soon perfected in his happy disposition." Before he was of age, he stood for the representation of Hull, and carried his election against the interest of Lord Rockingham, the most powerful nobleman in the county; that of Sir G. Saville, its wealthy and respected representative; and that of Government, always strong at a sea-port. Previous to this time, he renewed his acquaintance with Mr. Pitt, whom he had known at Cambridge, and whom he afterwards met in the gallery of the House of Commons, and in some clubs in Town. "Billy," said his grandfather, "shall travel with Milner as soon as he is of age; but if Billy turn Methodist, he shall not have a sixpence of mine." He was soon removed from his uncle's by his mother. He was also an admirable mimic, and until reclaimed by the kind severity of the old Lord Camden, would often set the table in a roar, by his perfect imitation of Lord North. "Mimicry," he said, "is but a vulgar accomplishment." vid. vol. i. p. 27. "Wilberforce, we must have you again. The Prince says he will come at any time to hear you sing," was the flattery he received after his first meeting with the Prince of Wales in 1782, at the luxurious soirées of Devonshire House." i. 29. His success in his election threw no small lustre on his entry into public life, and he was welcomed, upon his return to London, into every circle. He was at once elected a member of all the leading clubs: "fruiturque deorum colloquio."-" When I left the University," he says, "so little did I know of general society, that I came up to London stored with arguments to prove the authenticity of Rowley's Poems. And now I was at once immersed in politics and fashion. The very first time I went to Boodle's, I won twenty-five guineas of the D. of Norfolk. I belonged to five clubs. The first time I was at Brookes's, scarcely knowing any one, I joined, in mere shyness, in play at the bank of the faro-table, when G. Selwyn kept bank. A friend who knew my inexperience, and regarded me as a victim decked out for sacrifice, called to me, What, Wilberforce! is that you?' Selwyn quite resented the interference, and, turning to him said, in his most expressive tone, Oh, sir, don't interrupt Mr. Wilberforce, he could not be better employed.' Nothing could be more luxurious than the style of those clubs. Fox, Sheridan, Fitzpatrick, and all your leading men, frequented there, and associated upon the easiest terms: you chatted, played at cards, or gambled if you pleased." Mr. Wilberforce's usual resort, however, was with a more choice and intimate society, of which Pitt was an habitual frequenter. Here their intimacy increased every day : and indeed we must say, that this early part of the biography, during which Mr. Wilberforce was living in the most cordial and confidential terms of friendship with Mr. Pitt, is, to our minds, the most pleasing and interesting of the whole.* "They were (says one who witnessed their familiar intercourse) exactly like brothers," and it is with peculiar regret that we are obliged to omit the very curious and interesting account of their excursion in France. As it is not, however, our purpose to recount the incidents of Mr. Wilberforce's life, but to present a short abstract of his character, and give a general survey of those qualities which he brought into the duties of public and private life, we must pass over much that is interesting during an intercourse of many years between him and that illustrious statesman, to whom was confided the government of his country almost as soon as it could be legally accepted by him. Wilberforce, however, was now beginning to feel other principles than the allurements of society, or temptations of ambition, acting on his mind. These had been much confirmed, perhaps altogether awakened, by a familiar intercourse, during a foreign tour, with his former friend Isaac Milner; they were strengthened by the perusal of Doddridge's well-known work on Religion ; and they were now assuming a form that was soon to appear as an abiding and paramount system of conduct in life. These views he communicated in confidential intercourse with Mr. Pitt, and soon after made public to the world in his Practical View of Christianity. "In the spring of 1786," say his biographers, "Mr. Wilberforce returned an altered man to the House of Commons." He had now taken his ground on the very highest *As it is our intention in the next number to extract the portraits of his friends, and other characters which Mr. Wilberforce met with in the intercourse of private and political life, we pass over them in our present article. † Mr. Wilberforce's views as to the society in which religious persons should mix, are thus given :-"The Christians who wish to maintain the spiritual life in vigor and efficacy, fervent (【eóvres) in spirit, serving the Lord,' may, without injury, mix with and associate with worldly people for the transaction of business, yet they cannot for recreation, still less for intimate society and friendship." Mr. W. was decidedly hostile to Calvinistic principles, which he considered unscriptural. principles of human action-the authority of conscience under the influence of real Christianity. These principles he made his constant guide,-not only amid the gentler duties and quiet offices of private life; but he used them as his anchor of safety amidst all the powerful temptations, the arduous struggles, and the stormy conflicts of political warfare. Three times* did he positively come into collision with the counsels of Mr. Pitt, on questions of so great importance, as not only deeply to agitate the mind, but even to affect the place and power of the minister. Once in a most painful and distressing discussion, in which he was opposing one friend, and urging strong accusations against the honour of another, he saw the eye of the minister bent upon him with a look of anxiety, and perhaps of reproach, that nothing could enable him to support, but the still stronger feeling of duty, and the unrelenting demands of conscience. It was a trial that would have broken up and shattered to pieces all the friendships of common and worldly men, cemented by trivial and selfish interests; yet such was the greatness of Mr. Pitt's mind, and such his perfect conviction of the purity of Mr. Wilberforce's motives, such his knowledge of the commanding influence of the feeling of duty which he dared not disobey, that it did not impair the sincerity of their friendship, nor, when the painful occasion was passed, did he, whose political degradation was the result of this pure and patriotic exertion, refuse to forget the momentary pang, and hold out the cordial hand of friendship:-so much was this man's motives above all suspicion,-so eminently even in this life did his virtues and exalted principles meet with their reward. "God had set before him," he said, "two great objects; the abolition of the slave-trade, and the reformation of manners." How he fulfilled his mission in both instances, we hope is to few unknown. Enough, however, of our own narrative::-we shall now, as we have promised, present to our readers a short view of Mr. Wilberfore's character, as it appeared under the different views of public and private life-as seen in his political character, and his devotional duties, in order that it may be known "what manner of man he was ;" and this we give fresh as it comes from the communication of those who most intimately knew him,-his relatives and friends. As a speaker in the House of Commons he is thus described :— "His place as a mere orator was still among the first. When he spoke, indeed, on the common subjects of political dispute, the effects of age (his biographer is speaking of the year 1825) were in a degree visible; but to the very last, when he lighted on a thoroughly congenial subject, he broke out into those strains which made Romilly esteem him the most efficient speaker of the House of Commons; and which had long before led Pitt himself to say, repeatedly, of all the men I ever knew, Wilberforce has the greatest natural eloquence.' Mr. Morritt† seems to have formed a very accurate conception both of his ordinary powers of speaking, and of that measure of decay which they at last exhibited. 'I find (he says) that I have recorded my own general opinion of his oratory and his Parliamentary exertions in terms which, though only intended to commemorate for my own future reflection the more recent impression they made, I extract from their privacy in my drawer, that you may be more sure of their being my genuine and impartial judgment. Wilberforce held a high and conspicuous place in oratory, even at a time when English eloquence rivalled whatever we read of in Athens or Rome. His voice itself was beautiful, deep, clear, articulate, and flexible. I think his greatest premeditated efforts were made for the abolition of the trade in slaves, and in supporting some of the measures brought * Once on the motion for a Peace with France; once on Mr. Pitt's duel with Mr. Tierney; once on the impeachment of Lord Melville. † Mr. Morritt of Rokeby Park, Yorkshire. forward by Pitt for the more effectual suppression of revolutionary machinations; but he often rose unprepared in mixed debate on the impulse of the moment, and seldom sat down without having struck into that higher tone of general reasoning and vivid illustration, which left on his hearers the impression of power beyond what the occasion had called forth. He was of course unequal, and I have often heard him confess that he never rose without embarrassment, and always felt for a while that he was languid and speaking feebly, though he warmed as he went on. I have heard the late Mr. Windham express the same discontent with himself, both probably from the high standard of excellence at which they aimed. I have always felt, and have often heard it remarked by others, that in all his speeches, long or short, there was generally at least from five to ten minutes of brilliance, which even the best orator in the House might have envied. His own unaffected principles of humility, and his equally sincere estimate of the judgment and good intentions of others, which became, in advancing life, more and more predominant, influenced both his line of oratory and his reasoning when not in the House of Commons. He gradually left off the keener weapons of ridicule and sarcasm, however well applied and justly aimed; but, with the candour that gave what he thought due weight to an adversary's ar. gument, he sometimes, as it seemed to me, with undue diffidence, neglected or hesitated to enforce his own. Sometimes, also, as on the questions involving peace and war, the wishes of his heart were at variance with the conclusions of his understanding, and resolutions of great pith and moment, Were sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought; and I have more than once remonstrated with him for giving us in his speech the deliberation which passed in his own mind, instead of the result to which it led him, thus furnishing his opponents with better weapons than their own arsenal could supply. Of course this led to many an imputation of inconsistency from those who loved him not, which those who knew him not received; but the real difference was between the manly decision of his conduct, and his unfeigned distrust and diffidence of his own powers." We now come to the description of his habits of private life, and the charms of his domestic circle: Mr. "His house was continually open to an influx of men of all conditions. James Grenville said, 'you must always expect to be scrambled for; the landowner, the manufacturer, the canal-man, the turnpike-man, and the iron-man, will each have a pull in his turn.' Pitt and his other parliamentary friends might be found there at dinner before the House. So constant was their resort that it was asserted, not a little to his disadvantage, in Yorkshire, that he received a pension for entertaining the partisans of the minister. Once every week the slave committee dined with him. Messrs. Clarkson, Dickson, &c. jocularly named by Mr. Pitt his White Negroes,' were his constant inmates, and were employed in classing, revising, and abridging under his own eye. 'I cannot invite you here,' he writes to a friend who was about to visit London for advice, for, during the sitting of Parliament, my house is a mere hotel. His breakfast-table was thronged by those who came to him on business, 66 or with whom, for any of his many plans of usefulness, he wished to become personally acquainted. He took a lively interest in the Elland Society, and besides subscribing to its funds 1007. per annum, under four anonymous entries, to avoid notice, he invited to his house the young men under education, that he might be able to distribute them in proper situations. No one ever entered more readily into sterling merit, though concealed under a rough exterior, yet no one had a keener and more humourous perception of the shades of character. Mention when you write next,' says the postscript of a letter to Mr. Hey, on the announcement of a new candidate for education, the length of his mane and tail :' and he would repeat with full appreciation of its humour the answer of his Lincolnshire footman to an inquiry as to the appearance of a recruit who had presented himself in Palace-yard. • What sort of a person is he?'-'Oh, Sir, he is a rough one!' The circumstances of Boswell, describing Wilberforce's speech at the County Meeting at York, happily describes it: 'I saw what appeared a mere shrimp mount upon the table, but as I listened, he grew and grew, till at length the shrimp became a whale.'"' his life brought him into contact with the greatest varieties of character. His antiroom was thronged from an early hour; its first occupants being generally invited to his breakfast-table, and its later tenants only quitting it when he himself went out on business. Like every other room in his house it was well stored with books, and the experience of its necessity had led to the exchange of the smaller volumes with which it was originally furnished, for cumbrous folios which could not be carried off by accident in the pocket of a coat. Its group was often most amusing, and provoked the wit of Mrs. H. More to liken it to Noah's Ark' full of beasts-clean and unclean! On one chair sate a Yorkshire constituent, manufacturing or agricultural; on In another place his manner of life "His days at Highwood,' says his son's narrative, were very regularly spent. He rose soon after seven, spent the first hour and half in his closet; then dressed, hearing his reader for three quarters of an hour, and by half-past nine met his household for family worship; always a great thing, in his esteem. At this he read a portion of the Scriptures, generally of the New Testament, in course, and explained and enforced it, often with a natural and glowing eloquence-always with affectionate earnestness, and an extraordinary knowledge of God's Word. After family prayer, which occupied about half an hour, he never failed to sally forth for a few minutes, To take the air, and hear the thrushes sing.' He enjoyed this stroll exceedingly. A delightful morning; walked out and saw the most abundant dew-drops sparkling in the sunbeams on the gazon. How it calls forth the devotional feelings in the morning, when the mind is vacant from worldly business, to see all nature pour forth, as it were, its song of praise, to the great Creator and Preserver of all things! I love to repeat Psalms cIII. CIV. CXLV. at such a season.' His habits had long since been formed to a late hour of breakfast. During his public life his early hours alone were undisturbed, and he still thought that meeting late tended to prolong in others the time of morning prayer and meditation. another, a petitioner for charity, or a House of Commons' client; on another a Wesleyan preacher; while side by side with an African, a foreign missionary, or a Haytian professor, sate perhaps some man of rank, who sought a private interview, and whose name had accidentally escaped announcement. To these mornings succeeded commonly an afternoon of business, and an evening in the House of Commons. Yet in this constant bustle he endeavoured still to live by rule. Alas!' he wrote upon the 31st of January, with but little profit has my time passed away since I came to town. I have been almost always in company, and they think me like them rather than become like me. I have lived too little like one of God's peculiar people.' "' is thus described: Breakfast was still prolonged and animated by his unwearied powers of conversation, and when congenial friends were gathered round him, their discussions lasted sometimes till noon. From the breakfast-room he went till post time to his study, when he was commonly employed long about his letters. If they were finished, he turned to some other business, never enduring to be idle all the day. Here is a man,' he says, after a wholly interrupted morning, 'for whom I feel unfeigned esteem and regard, but it quite molests me to talk a whole morning. Nothing done, and no accession of intellect.' Soon after his retirement, he was invited as an idle man to an amateur concert; What,' he exclaimed, 'music in a morning! why, it would be as bad as dram-drinking!' Yet his love of music was as strong as ever. This very year he speaks of himself as quite overpowered by the Hallelujah Chorus in the Messiah; a flood of tears ensued, and the impression on his mind remained during the day. * About three o'clock, when the post was gone, he sallied forth into the garden, humming often to himself, in the gladness of his heart, some favourite tune, alone, or in the company of some few friends, or with his reader. Here he would pace up and down some sheltered sunny walk, rejoicing especially in one which had been formed for him by his son, and was called ever after, with some hint of affection, by his name." * We cannot leave this charming picture of a life of innocent cheerfulness, of intellectual exercise, and of religious faith unfinished; notwithstanding that by doing so our extract must be longer than we could have wished; |