115. Uses of the Auxiliaries-formation of Tenses. 1. The auxiliaries may combine, to form the tenses,(a.) With participles; as, "I am writing; He was loved; We have written. (b.) With infinitives (111, 4); as, I may write; They shall read. (c.) With both united; as, I may have learned. 2. In the indicative mode they combine as follows: Emp. form, do love,-inf. and do, dost, does. is, art, are. Pas. form, am loved,-pas. part. and am, is, art, are. Emp. form, did love,-inf. and did, didst. Prog. form, was loving,―pres. part. and was, wast, were. Pas. form, was loved,-pas. part. and was, wast, were. Com. form, shall love,-inf. and shall, shalt, Prog. form, shall be loving,-inf. of be, and Prog. form, have been loving,-past part. 3. In the potential mode they combine as follows (a.) Abs. tenses. (b.) Rel. tenses. Present. Past. Pres. perf. Past perf. Com. form, may love,-inf. and may, mayst, can, canst, must. Prog. form, may be loving,-inf. of be, and pres. part. with may, mayst, can, cantly must. Pas. form, may be loved,-inf. of be and pas. part. with muy, mayst, can, cans, must. Com. form, might love,-inf. and might, mightst, could, couldst, should, shoulde would, wouldst. Prog. form, might be loving,-inf. of be, and pres. part. with might, mightst, could, couldst, would, wouldst, should, shouldst. Pas. form, might be loved,-inf. of be, and pas. part. with might, mightst, could, couldst, would, wouldst, should, shouldst. Com. form, may have loved,-inf. of hare, and past part. with may, mayst, can, canst, must. Prog. form, may have been loving, inf. of have, past part. been, and pres. part. with may, mayst, can, canst, must. Pas. form, may have been loved,-inf. of hare, past part. been, and pas. part. with may, mayst, can, canst, must. ( Com. form, might have loved,-inf. of have, and past part. with might, mightst, could, couldst, would, wouldst, should, shouldst. Prog. form, might have been loving,-inf. of have, past part. been, and pres. part. with might, mightst, could, couldst, should, shouldst, would, wouldst. Pas. form, might have been loved,-inf. of have, past part. been, and pas. part. with might, mightst, could, couldst, should, shouldst, would, wouldst. 4. With the exception of the distinctive form in the present and past (107, 5, 6), the subjunctive mode has the same tense-forms as the indicative or potential, with if, unless, though, &c., prefixed; as, “If I If I may love." love." 66 Formation of tenses. Tense-forms in the subjunctive. The imperative mode has but one tense, the present, which is used erally without the subject expressed, and in all the four forms of the b; as, Study; be thou studying; be thou loved; do write. . The infinitive mode has two tenses-the present and the perfect. e present is used in the common, the progressive, and the passive forms he verb, and is formed by prefixing "to" to the simple verb for the imon form,—"to be" to the present participle for the progressive m, and “to be” to the passive participle for the passive form; as, to te, to be writing, to be written. The perfect is used in the common, the progressive, and the passive forms the verb, and is formed by prefixing to have to the past participle of › verb for the common form,—to have been to the present participle for · progressive form,—and to have been to the passive participle for the 3sive form; as, to have written; to have been writing; to have been itten. 7. The present participle is formed by adding ing to the simple verb; writing. The past participle is formed for regular verbs by adding ed to the aple verb (25, 3); as, honored. The perfect participle is formed by prefixing having to the past partile of the verb for the common form,--having been to the present partile for the progressive form,-and having been to the passive participle the passive form; as, having written; having been writing; having en written. 116. Number and Person of the Verb. 1. The number and person of the verb are properties which now its agreement with the subject. Like the subject, the verb as two numbers and three persons. 2. The first person singular, and the first, second, and third persons lural, of the present tense indicative, in all verbs (am, are, was, were, xcepted) are alike. The second person singular is like the first, except the solemn or ancient style, when it is formed by adding st, or est, o the first person; as, "Thou lovest me not." The third person singuar is formed from the first, by adding s or es; in ancient style it ends aeth; as, "He goeth." Verbs ending in y, preceded by a consonant, hange y into i, and add es, to form the third person singular; as, try, ries. 3. By a figure of enallage (236, 8), the second person plural of the pronoun and verb is substituted, in conversational and familiar style, for Tense-forms in the imperative-infinitive. Formation of present participle -past part.-perf. part. Number and person. the second person singular; as, "Hubert, you are sad” — Hubert, t art sad. 4. The imperative mode has usually only the second person; as, thou." In some languages, the imperative has also a form for the f person plural, and third person singular and plural. A few examp seem to occur in English; as, "Rise, thy sons.' "Be it decree Most of these cases, however, can be explained by supplying an ell sis; as, "Let thy sons rise." "Let it be decreed." 117. Conjugation. 1. The conjugation of a verb is the regular arrangement of several modes, tenses, voices, numbers, and persons. 2. The only tenses which change their termination are the pres and past; as, sit, sittest, sits; sat, sattest, tarry, tarriest, tarries; tarr tarriedst. All other changes are made by means of auxiliaries. 3. In adding s or es, observe the same rules as in the formation of t plural of nouns; as, play, plays; fly, flies; go, goes. So, also, obser the rules (25) for the changes of the radical verb; as, drop, dropp (Rule I.); reply, replied (Rule III.). 4. The principal parts of a verb are the present indicati the past indicative, and the past participle. 1. Give the principal parts of the following verbs :— Sail, smile, see, shut, close, open, burn, glaze, gild, turn, try, reform renew, take, leave, make, build, hope, fold, alter, correct. 2. Study the following Models: "Thou hast gone to thy rest." Hast gone. is a verb-it expresses being, action, or state; irregular-i Conjugation. Change of termination. Principal parts. Models. does not form its past tense and past participle by adding ed;—principal parts-pres. go, past, went, past part. gone;— intransitive—it does not require an object to complete the meaning; common form-it represents an act as completed without reference to its progress; indicative mode-it asserts a thing as actual;-present perfect tense-it expresses an action completed in present time;-second person, singular number, to agree with its subject thou. bbreviated form :— t gone. is an irreg. intransitive verb,-go, went, gone, indicative mode, present perfect tense, 2d person, sing. number, to agree with its subject thou. Or, for the slate, thus:-is a V. ir. int. ind.-pres. perf.-2d per. sing. . In the following examples explain the VERBS in the same manner :— We read of that philosophy, which can smile over the destruction of perty, of that religion, which enables its possessor to extend the ign look of forgiveness and complacency to his murderers; but it is in the soul of man to bear the lacerations of slander. "Lord, and what shall this man do?" Ask'st thou, Christian, for thy friend? Christ hath told thee of his end;- This is he whom Jesus loves.-Keble. ad the raven never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas, just above my chamber door; nd his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor, ad my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor, Shall be lifted-nevermore!-E. A. Poe. |