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ADVERBS.

132. Definition.

1. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, participle, or other adverb; as, “He learns quickly.” 2. When an idea, however expressed, is put in such relation to a veri an adjective, a participle, or an adverb, as to represent some circumstance of place, time, cause, or manner, it is adverbial, because it is placed in an adverbial relation in the sentence. The same idea placed in relation to a noun or pronoun is of the nature of an adjective; as, He who acts uprightly, is an upright man."

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3. When an adverbial idea is expressed by a single word, that word is called an adverb; as, "He walks slowly." The relation is determined either by the termination, the position, or the meaning. When the idea is expressed by a noun, the relation is expressed by a preposition; as, “The affair was managed with prudence" = prudently. In this case the phrase, consisting of the preposition and noun, is said to be adverbial. When the idea is expressed by a proposition, the relation is expressed by a conjunctive adverb. Here the clause, consisting of a connective, subject, and predicate, is adverbial; as, "Speak so that you can be understood": - distinctly.

4. Words properly called adverbs are abridged expressions. They take the place of phrases consisting of a preposition and noun; as, "He lived there": = in that place. "He conducted wisely" in a wise

manner.

5. Sometimes an adverb seems to qualify a noun, and thereby to partake of the nature of an adjective; as, "I found the boy only.”

as,

6. Sometimes an adverb modifies a phrase, or an entire proposition: "Far from home." "The old man likewise came to the city."

133. Exercise.

1. Point out the ADVERBS in the following sentences:—

She sang sweetly. The wind moaned mournfully over her grave. 0, lightly, lightly tread. The storm raged fearfully. When shall I see They were agreeably disapShe is continually changing Doubtless it is

you again? They lived very happily.
pointed. Do you expect them to-morrow?
her mind. It cannot be true. Perhaps I shall go.
true. George writes elegantly.

2. Insert the following adverbs in sentences of your own:— Where, hopefully, soon, bravely, yes, surely, undeniably, sorrowfully, briefly, quite, below, above, ever, constantly, so, yet, although, no.

Adverbs. Expressions in an adverbial relation. A single word--a phras -a clause. Adverbs equivalent to phrases. Adverbs used as adjectives.

134. Classes of Adverbs.

Adverbs may be divided into four general classes-adverbs »lace, of time, of cause, of manner.

. Adverbs of place answer the questions Where? Whither? Whence? here, there, above, yonder, below, somewhere, back, upwards, down-· ds, &c.

- Adverbs of time answer the questions When? How long? How n? as, then, yesterday, always, continually, often, frequently, &c.

Adverbs of cause answer the questions Why? Wherefore? as, why, refore, therefore, then.

. Causal relations are commonly expressed by phrases and clauses. -. Adverbs of manner and degree answer the question How? as, eletly, faithfully, fairly, &c. They are generally derived from adjectives oting quality.

. Under the head of degree may be classed those which answer the estion How? in respect to quantity or quality; as, How much? How d? &c.; as, too, very, greatly, chiefly, perfectly, mainly, wholly, totally, te, exceedingly.

3. Modal adverbs, or those which show the manner of the assertion, long to this class also. The following are the principal modal adverbs: , yea, verily, truly, surely, undoubtedly, doubtless, forsooth, certainly, no, y, not, possibly, probably, perhaps, peradventure, perchance.

9. The adverbs when, where, why, how, &c., when used in asking quesons, are called interrogative adverbs; as, "When did he come?"

10. Adverbs of manner are generally formed from adjectives by adding ; as, bright, bright-ly; smooth, smooth-ly. But when the adjective ds in ly, the phrase is commonly used; as, "In a lovely manner," stead of lovelily.

11. There is used as an expletive to introduce a sentence when the erb to be denotes existence; as, "There are many men of the same pinion." It is also sometimes used with the verbs seem, appear, come, , and others; as, "There went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus." a this use it has no meaning.

12. The adverb so is often used as a substitute for some preceding ord or group of words; as, "He is in good business, and is likely to emain so."

135. Conjunctive Adverbs.

1. Conjunctive adverbs are those which express the adverbial

Classes of adverbs-place-time-cause-manner-degree. Modal adverbs. Enterrogative adverbs. There as an expletive. The adverb so. Conjunctive adverbs.

relatia of a dependent clause, and connect it with the ver adjec..ve, or adverb, which it modifies; as, "I shall meet friend when the boat arrives."

2. 1ae principal conjunctive adverbs will be found under the head coane ives (143, 18). They are equivalent to two phrases, the containing a relative pronoun, the other its antecedent; as, The grow where the ground is moist" - The lilies grow in that place in ri the ground is moist. Here the phrase in that place modifies grows the phase in which modifies moist; hence where, the equivalent of two, modifies both.

3. The words therefore, wherefore, hence, whence, consequently, then, besides, likewise, also, too, moreover, and some others, are adverbs, andi the same time are used-either alone or when associated with oth connectives, to join propositions. But unlike conjunctive adverbs, the connect coördinate and not subordinate clauses.

136. Exercise.

1. Tell the class of the following adverbs:—

Very, greatly, perhaps, therefore, below, to-morrow, when, there purely, truly, always, continually, yesterday, why, sorrowfully, painfully, down, above, here, vainly, exceedingly.

2. Point out the conjunctive adverbs in the following examples:—

He will be prepared when the time arrives. She may return when ever she wishes. He disobeyed the rule, although he knew it w wrong. Whither I go ye cannot come. I mourn because I have lost my friend.

137. Comparison of Adverbs.

1. Many adverbs, especially those denoting manner, admit of comparison; as, brightly, more brightly, most brightly; soon

sooner, soonest.

2. When an adjective undergoes comparison, it shows that two or more objects are compared; but when an adverb undergoes the same change, it shows that two or more actions or qualities are compared; as, "James speaks more fluently than George [speaks].”

3. The following adverbs are compared irregularly: Ill or badly, worse, worst; little, less, least; far, farther, farthest; much, more, most; well, better, best.

Conjunctive adverbs equivalent to two phrases. The adverbs therefore, &c. Comparison of adverbs. Irregular comparison.

138. Exercise.

Study the following outline for parsing adverbs:

parse an adverb, tell,—

(1.) What part of speech it is, and why.

(2.) Compare it (where it admits of it), and tell what degree. (3.) Tell what it modifies.

(4.) Give the rule.

The sun shines brightly."

tly.

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is an adverb; it modifies the meaning of the verb; it is compared (positive brightly, comparative more brightly, superlative most brightly); it is in the positive degree, and modifies the verb shines, according to Rule IX. (Repeat it.)

Mary writes more elegantly than her brother."

elegantly. is an adverb; it modifies the meaning of the verb; it is compared (elegantly, more elegan'ly, most elegantly); it is

in the comparative degree, and modifies the verb writes, according to Rule IX.

"I will go whenever you wish."

(Repeat it.)

enever

· ...

is a conjunctive adverb of time.

(Why?)

(1.) As an adverb it modifies both will go and wish, according to Rule IX.

(2.) As a connective it connects the subordinate clause "whenever you wish" to will go. Rule XI.

Parse the ADVERBS in the following examples; also the ADJECTIVES, BS, and PRONOUNS :—

No human fancy can take in this mighty space in all its grandeur, in all its immensity; can sweep the outer boundaries of such a ation; or lift itself up to the majesty of that great and invisible arm, which all is suspended. — Chalmers.

He (Sir Thomas More) stands unchangeably on the centre of eternal ht; his head, majestically erect, gloriously lifted up to heaven, bends t before the shock, and his breast receives the tempest only to shiver -Giles.

Hitherto shalt thou come, and no further, and here shall thy proud aves be stayed.

Models for parsing.

Breathes there a man with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said,—

This is my own, my native land!

Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned,
As home his footsteps he hath turned,
From wandering on a foreign strand?-Scott.

PREPOSITIONS.

139. Definition.

1. A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun pronoun to some other word; as, "The ship was seen from t citadel." "He sailed upon the ocean in a ship of war."

2. The preposition always shows a relation between two terms, antecedent and a subsequent. The subsequent term is called the object the preposition. The preposition and object united form a depende element of the sentence, having the antecedent term as its princi element.

3. The preposition always shows a relation of dependence. Wh the antecedent term is a noun, the dependent phrase is of the nature an adjective; as, "The rays of the sun" solar rays.

When the antecedent term is a verb, participle, adjective, or adve the dependent phrase is of the nature of an adverb (sometimes an in rect object); as, "The case was conducted with skill" = skilfully.

4. The object of the preposition is not always a single word; it m be a phrase or clause; as, "The city was about to capitulate when Nap leon arrived." "Much will depend on who the commissioners are.”

5. The preposition is sometimes placed after its object; as, “Wh its song, sublime as thunder, rolls the woods along." The prepositi and object sometimes precede the word on which they depend; as, “ all patriots, Washington was the noblest."

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Prepositions. Two terms-antecedent and subsequent. The subsequer a dependent term. The object. The preposition sometimes after its obje List of prepositions.

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