· According to, as to, as for, out of, instead of, because of, off from, over inst, round about, from among, from between, from around, from before, I the like, may be regarded as complex prepositions, and parsed as a gle word; or the first word of the phrase may be parsed as an adverb. cording, contrary, in the phrases according to, contrary to, are sometimes arded as participles or adjectives modifying some noun in the sen

ce.

2. In such connections as the following, put in, go up, go down, cut ough, pass by, climb up, and others, the preposition may be parsed an adverb when it is not followed by an object; as the italicised rds in such sentences as the following: "The captain stood in for the ore." "They rode by in haste."

8. Some words, most commonly prepositions, are occasionally used as verbs; these are, before, after, till, until, above, beneath, for, on, in, &c. also some words commonly employed as adverbs, are sometimes used prepositions; as, but, save, despite, &c. Off is usually an adverb, but y be parsed as a preposition when followed by an object. Instead is her a preposition, or equivalent to a preposition and noun = in stead. 4. In such expressions, as, a hunting, a fishing, &c., if authorized at , the a may be regarded as itself a preposition, or a contraction of at,

or on.

141. Exercise.

1. Study the following outline for parsing the preposition :—

To parse a preposition, tell,—

(1.) What part of speech, and why.

(2.) Between what words it shows the relation.
(3.) Give the rule.

2. "He went from England to France."

rom. is a preposition ;—it is used to show the relation of a noun or pro

Complex prepositions. Prepositions used as adverbs. Models for parsing.

noun to some other word;-it shows the relation of the noun England to the verb went, according to Rule XIII. (Repeat it. To... is a preposition; it shows the relation of the noun France to th verb went, according to Rule XIII.

3. Point out the PREPOSITIONS in the following sentences, and explain the relations:

He heard the birds sing in the morning. The buds are swelling in the sun's warm rays. The winds will come from the distant south. The bees gather honey from the flowers. I bring fresh showers for the thirsty flowers from sea and stream. I shall be Queen of the May. In the garden the crocus blooms. The hills are covered with a carpet of green. We shall have pleasant walks with our friends. We shall seek the early fruits in the sunny valley.

4. Parse the NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ADVERBS, and PREPOSITIONS in the fol lowing sentences :—

Humility mainly becometh the converse of man with his Maker,
But oftentimes it seemeth out of place in the intercourse of man with

man,

Yea, it is the cringer to his equal, that is chiefly seen bold to his God, While the martyr whom a world cannot browbeat, is humble as a child before Him.-Tupper.

Of all the thoughts of God that are
Borne inward unto souls afar,

Along the Psalmist's music deep

Now tell me if there any is,

For gift or grace surpassing this

"He giveth His beloved, sleep" ?—Mrs. Browning.

CONJUNCTIONS.

142. Definition.

1. A conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, or the parts of sentences; as, "The horse fell over the precipice, but the rider escaped." "The horse and rider fell over the preci pice."

In the first example, but connects two sentences; in the second, and connects the two parts, horse and rider.

2. A pure conjunction forms no part of the material (158, 1) or substance of a sentence; its office is simply to unite the materials into a single structure.

Conjunctions. Pure conjunctions.

Besides pure conjunctions, there is a large class of words which r into the sentence as a part of its substance, and at the same time ect different elements or parts; as, "This is the pencil which I

Here which is the object of lost, and at the same time connects lependent clause, which I lost, to pencil. All such words are called ectives, or conjunctive words.

143. Classes of Connectives.

. All connectives (whether pure conjunctions or conjunctive ds) are divided into two classes-coördinate and subordinate. irdinate connectives are those which join similar or homogeus elements; as, "John AND James were disciples."

ere John and James are similar in construction, and have a common relato the predicate.

. Two elements are coördinate, and consequently demand a coördinate junction, when they are placed in the same relation or rank (159, 1); "The insects devoured leaves and blossoms." Here leaves is dependon devoured; blossoms also is not only dependent, but has precisely same sort of dependence as leaves; hence they are coördinate with h other. In the sentence, "The insects devoured the leaves greedily," res and greedily are both dependent on devoured, but they have not similar dependence; hence they are not coördinate, and cannot connected by and, or any other coördinate conjunction.

3. Coördinate connectives are always conjunctions, and may be vided into three classes-copulative, adversative, and alterna

e.

4. Copulative conjunctions are those which add parts in harony with each other; as, "The day dawned, and our friends parted."

5. The copulative conjunctions are,

(a.) And, a connective of the most general character, placing the connected rts in a relation of perfect equality, without modification or emphasis. (b.) So, also, likewise, too, besides, moreover, furthermore, now, hence, whence, erefore, wherefore, consequently, even; connectives associated with and exessed or understood, and used to give emphasis, or some additional idea; "She sings; [and] besides she plays beautifully."

(c.) Not only... but, but also, but likewise, as well . . . as, both . . . and, .. secondly, thirdly, &c.; connectives employed when we wish not only make the second part emphatic, but to awaken an expectation of some

rst..

Connectives or conjunctive words. Onnectives. Copulative conjunctions.

Classes of connectives.

Coördinate

addition. As these parts correspond to each other, these connectives called correlatives.

6. Adversative conjunctions are those which unite parts opposition to, or in contrast with, each other; as, "The fish w brought to the shore, but plunged into the water again."

7. Adversative conjunctions are employed, (1.) When the second ra is placed in opposition to the first; as, "It does not rain, but it snows (2.) When the second part is placed in opposition to a supposed in ence from the first; as, "The army was victorious, but the general slain." Here, lest the inference should be that all was prosperous, th second clause preceded by but, is added.

8. The adversative conjunctions are,—

(a.) But, which simply shows opposition without emphasis; as, “I shall but I shall not walk."

(b.) Yet, still, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, now, and some others which are associated with but, either expressed or understood, and give t phasis or some additional idea; as, "The delinquent has been repeated admonished, (but) still he is as negligent as ever."

9. Alternative conjunctions are those which offer or deny choice between two things; as, "We must fight, or our libertie will be lost." "She can neither sing nor play."

10. The alternative conjunctions are,—

(a.) Or, which offers, and nor (not or), which denies a choice.
(b.) Else, otherwise, associated with or for the sake of emphasis.
(c.) Either and neither, correlatives of or and nor.

11. Parts standing in a causal relation to each other are sometimes coördinate; but usually there are, in such cases, two connectives, on expressed and the other understood; as, “The south wind blows, [and] therefore, there must be rain.”

12. Subordinate connectives are those which join dissimilar heterogeneous elements; as, "I shall go when the stage arrives

Here when joins the subordinate clause, when the stage arrives, to the ve shall go. It is a part of the clause itself, being equivalent to at the time which. Hence it should be introduced in naming the clause; but not so with the pure coördinate conjunctions.

13. The connected element is always a proposition; it is subordinate and consequently demands a subordinate connective, because it becomes merely a limiting expression of the antecedent term on which it depends It is unlike the part with which it is connected, in its form, in its rela tion or rank, and in its grammatical character.

Adversative conjunctions. Alternative conjunctions. Subordinate co

nectives.

14. A subordinate connective, like a preposition, always shows a relan of dependence. But the second term is a proposition, instead of a un or pronoun.

15. Subordinate connectives are divided into three classesose which connect substantive clauses, those which connect 'jective clauses, and those which connect adverbial clauses. 16. Substantive clauses containing a statement, (170, 3) are connected the conjunctions that, that not, and sometimes but, but that. Substane clauses containing an inquiry, are connected by the interrogatives o, which, what, where, whither, whence, when, how long, how often, why, erefore, how.

17. Adjective clauses are connected by the relative pronouns who, rich, what, that, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, iatsoever, and sometimes the relative adverbs why, when, where.

18. Adverbial clauses are connected by the conjunctive adverbs where, ither, whence, wherever, whithersoever, as far as, as long as, farther than, hich denote PLACE; when, while, whilst, as, before, after, ere, till, until, nce, whenever, as long as, as soon as, the moment, the instant, as frequently , as often as, which denote TIME; or the conjunctions because, for, as, hereas, since, inasmuch (causal), if, unless, though, lest, except, provided, rovided that (conditional), that, that not, lest (final), though, although, twithstanding, however, whatever, whoever, whichever, while, with the cor∙latives yet, still, nevertheless (adversative), all of which denote CAUSAL elations; as, just as, so . . . as, same. . . as (correspondence), so... that, ich . . . that (consequence), as . . . as (comparison of equality), the . . . re, the . . . so much the (proportionate equality), than, more than, less than comparison of inequality), which denote MANNER.

144. Exercise.

1. Study the following outline for parsing conjunctions.

In parsing a conjunction or connective, tell,—

(1.) What part of speech, and why.

(2.) To what class it belongs.

(3.) What elements it connects.

(4.) Give the rule.

2. "Socrates and Plato were distinguished philosophers."

And . . . is a conjunction ;—it is used to connect sentences, or the parts of sentences; coördinate, because it connects similar elements;

Subordinate connectives show a relation of dependence. Connectives of clauses-substantive-adjective-adverbial.