in the garden?" Ans. “I” (am walking in the garden). These tences close with the falling inflection.

"Let

0. An imperative sentence is one which is used to express a imand, an entreaty, an exhortation, or a prayer; as, tice be done;""Do extricate my suffering friend;" "Let love without dissimulation;""Thy kingdom come.”

1. The imperative sentence may take two forms,-

a.) The verb may be in the imperative; as, "Depart in peace." b.) It may be in the potential; as, "May he depart in peace."

2. An imperative sentence of the same form is a command, an reaty, or a prayer, according to the relative rank of the parties , 14).

13. An exclamatory sentence is either a declarative, an intergative, or an imperative sentence, so uttered as to express ong emotion; as, "The foe has come !" "Was it not strange!"

Make haste!"

14. Exclamatory sentences are often so elliptical as to become mere fragnts; as, "Strange!" "Impossible!" "To arms!"

15. Exclamatory expressions are often of the nature of interjections; as Mercy!" "How strange!"

16. When a sentence is composed of two different classes, it is called mixed sentence; as, "Give me a place to stand, and I will raise the ›rld;" They entered, indeed, upon the work, but why did they not ntinue ?"

149. Exercise.

Con

Point out the different kinds of sentences in the following examples. ruct or select others like them. Change any of them from one class of ntence to another.

NOTE. The learner should first read the sentence attentively, and then insider, whether, as a whole, it declares something, asks a question, expresses command, or utters an exclamation.

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. Though e slay me, yet will I trust him. What think ye of Christ? Whose on is he? Would God I had died for thee, O Absalom! my son! my on! Is this a dagger that I see before me? The way was long, the ind was cold. Strike! till the last armed foe expires!

Great Hierarch! tell thou the silent sky,
And tell the stars, and tell the rising sun,

Earth, with her thousand voices, praises God.-Coleridge.

Imperative sentences. Exclamatory sentences. Mixed sentences.

They tell us, sir, that we are weak-unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the ne week, or the next year? Shall we gather strength by irresolution an inaction? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. The battle, sir, not to the strong alone: it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from contest. The war is inevitable-and let it come. Our brethren already in the field. Why stand we here idle? Is life so dear, or pears so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? For it, Almighty God!-I know not what course others may take; but for me-give me liberty, or give me death!-Patrick Henry.

150. Sentences classified by their Propositions.

1. All sentences consist either of a single proposition, or of two or more united propositions, and are divided into

(a.) SIMPLE; as, "The wind blows."

(b.) COMPLEX, as, "When the wind blows, the trees bend." (c.) COMPOUND; as, "The wind blows, and the trees bend.”

2. A proposition is the combination of a subject and a precate; as, "The ocean roars;" "Are you warm?" " Obey your parents;" "How feeble is man!"

3. The subject represents that of which something is affirmed: as, "The lilies fade."

4. The predicate represents that which is affirmed; as, "The waves dash."

as,

66

5. The predicate sometimes represents what is denied of the subject: The door was not shut;" The time will never come;" and hence propositions are divided into affirmative and negative. But for granmatical purposes, to deny may be considered the same as to affirm negative. In general, to affirm, as here used, applies to every species of proposition, the interrogative, the imperative, and the exclamatory, as well as the declarative (143, 1).

6. A proposition may be used,

(a.) As a sentence; as,

away;" or,

"The mists of the morn have passed

(b.) As a mere element (147, 5); as, "Seek not the honor which cometh from men."

Sentences classified. A proposition. The subject. The predicate. Uses of a proposition-as a sentence-as an element.

. A proposition is a sentence, when, independently and alone, expresses a thought (147, 2) of the speaker; as, "Coming nts cast their shadows before."

3. A proposition is an element of a sentence, when, instead a thought of the speaker, it expresses a mere idea or part of thought; as, "I know that my Redeemer liveth."

. Hence, a sentence is always a proposition, either alone or combined with ther, but a proposition is not always a sentence. In complex sentences, least, one proposition is used to express merely an idea. In compound tences, at least two propositions are used to express thoughts.

0. A proposition used as a sentence, is a simple sentence however much it y be extended; as, "I call upon the humanity of my country to vindicate national character;" but, when used as an element, it is considered simple y when consisting of its essential parts (163, 1); namely, the subject and dicate, or subject, predicate, and connective, without modifying words; as, Be silent that you may hear."

NOTE.—The learner cannot too carefully mark the distinction between a Oposition and a sentence. The same proposition may be a sentence in one e, and a mere element in another; as, "The day dawned;"" When the day ned, we embarked."

11. United propositions are divided into principal and subor

nate.

12. A principal proposition contains the principal or leading ssertion; and is that on which the subordinate depends; as, When spring comes, the flowers will bloom.”

13. A subordinate proposition is one which, by means of a abordinate connective, depends upon some part of the principal; 5, "When spring comes, the flowers will bloom."

14. United propositions are called clauses. A sentence containing but ne proposition (7) cannot be said to have clauses. Hence, though a lause is always a proposition, a proposition is a clause only when comined with another.

15. Two united propositions are said to be

(a.) Similar, when both alike express a thought of the speaker, or when oth express a mere element of the thought; as, "Talent is power, [but] tact s skill;" "I could not tell when he came, nor when he went."

(b.) Dissimilar, when one expresses a thought of the speaker, and the other mere element of it; as, "He who assumes the guidance of others, should govern himself."

Principal and subordinate propositions. Similar and dissimilar proposi

16. A simple sentence contains but one proposition; as, "The winds blow."

17. A complex sentence contains two or more dissimilar propositions; as, "When the wind blows, the trees bend.”

18. A compound sentence contains two or more similar propositions; as, "The wind blows, and the trees bend."

NOTE. A sentence containing similar subordinate propositions, must have at least one principal proposition, to express a thought. Hence, such sentences as "I neither knew what I was, where I was, nor from whence I came," are tol compound, but complex or partial compounds (182), even though they contain similar propositions.

151. Exercise.

Tell which of the following sentences are SIMPLE, which are COMPLEX, and which are COMPOUND. Classify them, as in (149).

In the production of order, all men recognise something sacred. Decide not by authoritative rules when they are inconsistent with reason. Though he were as rich as Croesus, still would man be dissatisfied with his condition. Pope had perhaps the judgment of Dryden: but Dryden certainly wanted the diligence of Pope.

The emperor Augustus was a patron of the fine arts. Good and evil are inseparable companions; but the latter often hides behind the back of the former. Tell me, when it was that you felt yourself most strongly inclined to go astray.

152. Union of entire Sentences.

1. Entire sentences of the foregoing classes may unite without conjunctions, by a simple succession, to form paragraphs or other general divisions of discourse.

2. This succession is sometimes governed by the order of time, sometimes by the order of dependence, or by some other relation of the thoughts.

3. Sentences should be separated from each other by the proper punctuation marks (241, 7).

4. Sometimes one of the coördinate conjunctions (143, 1) is placed at the beginning of an entire sentence, to express more strongly its connection with the preceding sentence; as, "Her (Athens') power is, indeed, manifested at the bar, in the senate, in the field of battle, in the school of philosophy. But these are not her glory."-Macaulay

A simple sentence. A complex sentence. A compound sentence.

SYNTAX OF ELEMENTS.

153. Definition.

The elements of a sentence are its component parts, each ding for an idea and its relation to some other idea; as, "The herd-gave-the alarm-when he discovered the approach ne wolf."

In this example we have the person (who), the action, the object (what), the time (when). The parts employed to express these ideas, whether As or groups of words, are elements (147, 4).

Every element, whether long or short, should first be taken as a whole, regarded as the expression of a complete idea; afterwards, its nature, E, form, and structure should be considered.

154. General Division of the Elements.

1. An element

may be

a.) SUBSTANTIVE, ADJECTIVE, or ADVERBIAL

b.) PRINCIPAL or SUBORDINATE.

c.) A WORD, a PHRASE, or a CLAUSE.

d.) SIMPLE, COMPLEX, or COMPound.

. These divisions depend upon the nature, the rank, the form, and the acture of the elementary parts.

155. General Description of the Elements.

1. An element in any of its forms, is

(a.) Substantive, when it has the construction and use of the noun; as, That one should steal is base."

(b.) Adjective, when it has the construction and use of the adjective; as, Wisdom's ways are ways of pleasantness."

(c.) Adverbial, when it has the construction and use of the adverb; as, The voice of the Lord was heard in the garden."

2. An element in any of its forms, is

Principal, when it expresses the chief idea, as, for example, the subject the predicate (163, 1).

Subordinate, when it depends upon, and modifies the principal, as, for exmple, the adjective, objective, or adverbial elements (164, 1).

Elements of sentences. Division of elements. Elements substantive, adjecive, adverbial, principal, subordinate.