(b.) A command quoted directly; as, "Follow me,' was our Lord's comind."

(c.) An abstract statement quoted indirectly, and introduced by "that;" as, That the earth revolves on its axis has been clearly proved" It has been early proved, &c.

(d.) A direct question quoted directly; as, "Will he do it?' is the question." (e.) A direct question quoted indirectly; as, "Whether he will do it is doubt

1."

(f.) An indirect question quoted directly; as, "Who was the author of Juus's Letters?' is still a question."

(g.) An indirect question quoted indirectly; as, "Who was the author of inius's Letters has never been satisfactorily determined."

4. The predicate may be the copula and a substantive clause in any the varieties above; as, "A second mistake upon the subject of hapiness is, that it is to be found in prosperity.”

5. The adjective element may be

(1.) The adjective clause introduced by the relative pronoun used as (a.) Subject of its own clause; as, "His fame, WHICH is bounded by no couny, will be confined to no age."

(b.) Adjective element ; as, “I could a tale unfold wHOSE lightest word would arrow up thy soul."

(c.) Single object; as, "The lesson WHICH she learned was too long." (d.) Double object; as, "The man WHOм they call the JANITOR."

(e.) Adverbial element (with a preposition); as, “The church IN WHICH they net was dimly lighted."

(2.) A substantive clause in any of its varieties used as an adjective; is, "The question, 'What shall we do??" are inhabited."

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The opinion that the planets

(3.) An adverbial clause used as an adjective to limit a noun; as, remember the time when my existence commenced.”

66

666 What

6. The objective element may be a substantive clause in any of the varieties above (3); as, He knew how to conquer by waiting.' will he give to my friend the king of Norway?' asked the brother."

7. The adverbial element may be an adverbial clause denoting

(a.) Place; as, "Whither I go, ye cannot come."

(b.) Time; as, "While I was musing, the fire burned."

(c.) Cause; as, "Ye shall not see me, because I go unto my Father."

(d.) Manner; as, "Speak as you think;" "Mary is as old as her cousin." NOTE. For all the varieties of the adverbial clause, see Analysis, Chap. III.

179. Elements of Compound Sentences.

1. The elements of compound sentences are principal clauses (150, 11, 18); as, "I was hungry, and ye gave no meat."

Elements of complex sentences. Compound sentences.

2. The added clause may be either copulative, adversative, alternative, or causal.

3. The component parts may be either simple or complex sentences. Thus," The man was communicative enough, but nothing was distinct in his mind;""We must not expect that our roses will grow without thorns; but then they are useful and instructive thorns, which, by pricking the fingers of the too hasty plucker, teach future caution."

4. Sometimes a compound sentence consists of members,-each being formed by a close union of its clauses, but in a measure separated from each other as, "The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib: but Israel doth not know; my people doth not consider."

The first two propositions form the first member, and the last two the second.

180. Varieties of Compound Sentences.

1. COPULATIVE.

(a.) Without emphasis, and with a simple connective; as, "The rain is over and the sun shines."

(b.) With the second clause rendered emphatic, by an associated connect ive (143, 5, 6, e); as, She sings; [and] besides she plays skilfully." (c.) With the second clause not only rendered emphatic, but pointed to, and more closely connected by means of a correlative; as, "Not only am I i structed by this exercise, but I am also invigorated."

2. ADVERSATIVE.

(a.) Denoting opposition or contrast; as, "He did not return to his parents but he persisted in wandering among strangers."

(b.) Denoting some limitation or restriction; as, "The army was victorious but the general was slain."

(c.) Denoting opposition or restriction with emphasis expressed by a corres tive or an associated connective; as, "The delinquent has been repeatedly ad monished, but still he is as negligent as ever."

3. ALTERNATIVE.

(a.) Simply offering or denying a choice; as, "We must fight, or our liberties are lost."

(b.) Offering or denying a choice with emphasis; as, "Learn your lesson, otherwise you must lose your rank;" "Neither hath this man sinned, parents."

4. CAUSAL.

NOTE. Causal, coördinate propositions are generally placed in both a copulative and causal relation to the former; as, "The south wind blows [and] therefore there must be rain." The causal connective may therefore be considered as associated with some conjunction expressed or understood. Ye for, therefore, hence, whence, and other illative conjunctions, are sometimes the only connectives.

Copulative, adversative, alternative, causal. Members. Elements of compound sentences.

181. Exercise.

parate the following sentences into their elements, pointing out the COMx and the COMPOUND sentences, and the PRINCIPAL and SUBORDINATE

ses:

ur ancestors came to the land, when fifty centuries had held reign, à no pen to write their history. Silence, which no occupation of ized life had broken, was in all its borders, and had been from cren. The lofty oak had grown through its lingering age, and decayed, perished, without name or record. The storm had risen and roared he wilderness, and none had caught its sublime inspiration. The tains had flowed on; the mighty river had poured its useless waters; cataract had lifted up its thundering to the march of time, and no had seen it, but that of the wild tenants of the desert.-Dewey. an I forget that I have been branded as an outlaw? es, but they behold it not. Though he were a son, yet learned he lience. We have met the enemy, and they are ours.

182. Elements of Contracted Sentences.

The sun

1. A contracted sentence is one which is derived from a comand or a complex sentence.

hus, "Heaven and earth shall pass away," is derived from "Heaven shall saway, and earth shall pass away." So the sentence, "The benefit arising is from an enlarged understanding cannot well be overrated," is derived "The benefit which arises to us from an enlarged understanding, cannot I be overrated."

2. Contracted sentences are

a.) Partial compounds, when they are derived from compound sen

ces.

b.) Sentences with abridged propositions, when they are derived from aplex sentences.

"The

. A compound sentence may be contracted when its clauses have a amon part; as, "The sun stood still, and the moon stood still" and the moon stood still." 1. To derive a partial from a full compound, unite into one compound parts not found in each clause, and to this join the common part, inging the number of the verb if necessary.

EXAMPLE." Industry is essential to happiness, honesty is essential to hapess, and temperance is essential to happiness" "Industry, honesty, and perance are essential to happiness."

5. A complex sentence may be contracted by abridging its subordi

A contracted sentence. Partial compound. Abridged propositions.

nate clause; as, "When peace of mind is secured, we may smile at a fortune;" "Peace of mind being secured, we may smile at misfortune.

6. A subordinate clause is abridged by dropping its connective, a changing the predicate into a participle or an infinitive. The subject dropped when it has already been expressed in the principal clau otherwise it must be retained, either in the nominative, possessive, objective. The predicate is never dropped.

NOTE.-A proposition is abridged when it loses its copula, or power to 1 dicate, even if the number of words or syllables should be increased by change.

7. In case a clause should form one term of a comparison, the app priate connective of the clause is dropped; but that which shows i comparison is retained; as, The bed is shorter than that a man < stretch himself in it."-Bible. Abridged, it would be, "The bed shorter than for a man to stretch," &c. In this example, the subje of the clauses are unlike. When the subjects are alike, that of the s ordinate clause is dropped by rule, and the simple infinitive is all th remains; as, "My friend was so elated as that he forgot his appo ment"- as to forget his appointment;" "The soldiers desired nothi more than to know where the enemy was So, again, in case of ina porated interrogative sentences, the interrogative being used both connective and a material part of the clause (156, 4), must be retaia when the clause is abridged; as, "I knew not what I should do” — Iku not what to do (201, 19). In the same way we have, I know not to send, where to go, when to stop.

8. Logically considered, the derived expression as a whole is equivalent (186) of the original, and sustains the same relation in : sentence. In the full form, all the words within the clause have same construction as in a simple sentence, but are wholly independe of any word which may govern the clause. But grammatically cot dered, the words of the abridged chuse cease to have the constructi of the simple sentence; the subject is no longer subject, the predica is no longer predicate, and either one or the other must be affected the word which governed the primitive clause. Thus, in the senter "I believe that he is an honest man," no word in the subordinate cist is changed to show that, as a whole, the clause is the object of "believe But in the abridged form, "I believe him to be an honest man," "h becomes "him," the principal object of "believe," and "to be an hon man," the attributive object (211, 0) "man," being in the objective, agree with "him" by (161, 3).

9. When the relation of the subordinate clause is such as not to cor under the governing influence of any word, as when it denotes a caus

Rule for abridging a proposition. Clauses denoting comparison. Effe of the governing word.

›ncomitant circumstance, the subject of the abridged proposition is, were, absolved from any regimen from without, and remains unged in the nominative, called the nominative absolute, and the predinoun, if there be any, remains also in the nominative by (161, 3); • Since a youth is their leader, what can they do?" A YOUTH being

LEADER, what can they do?

. When the subject is dropped, the predicate alone is affected by the d which governed the full proposition. This is the case with nearly adjective clauses, where the participle as an adjective becomes suborte to the word which the clause limits; as, "The ship which glided the waves" The ship gliding over the waves. It is also the case in ■y adverbial clauses, where the participle as a noun is governed by reposition used to show the adverbial relation; as, "When they roached the city, they were met by a select committee" On approachthe city, they were met, &c.

=

1. So, again, when the subject is not dropped, but is made wholly ordinate to the abridged predicate, the latter as a noun stands in the e relation as the full form, and the former modifies it; as, "I was aware that he lived in the city" I was not aware of his living in the . The participle of the predicate is made especially prominent, while subject seems to remain in the nominative in abridged propositions roduced by the expletive "there;" as, "Was this owing to there being lve primary deities among the Gothic nations?" In such construcis, after "let" with the infinitive, the subject seems to be in the objec› case; as, "Let there be light" : Let light be or exist. 2. When the subject noun takes the leading place, the predicate noun ees with it in case (161, 3); but when the subject is dropped (9), I has no representative in the sentence, or when it becomes subordie to the abridged predicate (10), the predicate noun is freed from y control of the subject, and remains as the predicate nominative abso; as, “To be a scholar requires patient and persevering labor;" "I s not aware of his being a foreigner;" "I am not sure of its being "Foreigner" refers logically to "his," but does not agree with it case. This case is analogous to that of the adjective when used stractly (204, 19) or absolutely; as, "To be good is to be happy." r further examples see Analysis, p. 167.

183. Varieties of Partial Compounds.

1. The parts combined may be sentence-elements (161, 2):-
:-

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(a.) Two or more subjects; “ Despair and anguish fled the struggling soul." b.) Two or more predicates; as, "She plans, provides, expatiates, triumphs

ere."

The predicate affected by the governing word. Predicate nominative absoe. Varieties of partial compounds.