(c.) Tico or more adjective elements; as, "Supreme and undivided homag should be paid to goodness and truth." (d.) Two or more objective elements (direct or indirect); as, "Who, to the enraptured heart, and ear, and eye, Teach beauty, virtue, truth, and love, and melody." (e.) Two or more adverbial elements; as, "Benefits should be long and grate fully remembered." 2. The parts combined may be elements of elements (159, 2). Any remote element may be compound; as, "The Esquimaux inhabit a e and inhospitable country." But all such sentences may be regarded as simpl 184. Varieties of Sentences with Abridged Propositions. I. When the predicate becomes a participle (182, 6). 1. Where the subject is dropped, and the participle used as an adjective, (a.) Having a simple participle; as, “A man who perseveres" — A pern vering man. (b.) Having the participle modified; as, "There are moral principles [ slumber =] slumbering in the souls of the most depraved.” 2. Where the subject is dropped, and the participle used as a noun, (a.) Wholly as a noun; as, "The sighing of the poor." (b.) With the construction of the noun, but limited like the verb; As subject or predicate, "Loving our neighbor as ourselves is fulfilling th law." Object of verb or preposition; "We should avoid breaking a promise;" "On approaching the house, the sound of a bell was faintly heard." 3. When the subject is dropped, and the participle is used adverbially, (a.) Denoting time; as, "Having finished my letter, I returned" Whe I had finished, &c. (b.) Denoting an accompanying action; "The torrent came rushing from the mountain." 4. Where the subject or predicate noun is retained (182, 6), (a.) The subject noun in the nominative absolute; as, "The party haris arrived, the dinner was prepared." (b.) The predicate noun in the nominative absolute; as, "Being a serva to everybody is not so agreeable." (c.) The subject and predicate noun both in the nominative; as, “A yout being their leader, what could they do?" (d.) The subject in the possessive limiting the participle used as a noun as, "What do you think of his studying law?" (e.) The subject in the possessive, and the predicate noun or pronoun in the nominative; as, "I am not sure of its being the judge, or of its being he." II. When the predicate becomes an infinitive (182, 6). 1. The infinitive without its subject or predicate noun, Varieties of sentences with abridged propositions. 5.) As attribute of the predicate; aз, "The school is to commence on Mon -.) As both subject and attribute; as, "To obey is to enjoy," "He seems to p.” d.) As adjective element; as, "Time to come," "A desire to go." e.) As object after transitive verbs; as, "She loves to read." f.) As adverbial element denoting purpose; as, "What went ye out to see?" 7.) As adverbial element denoting a result (182, 7) after too, than, so, as; He is too proud to beg," "He is wiser than to attempt such an enterse;" "Be so good as to hear." 2. The infinitive with its subject or predicate noun. a.) With its subject objective governed by for, and the combination used subject of the sentence; as, "For you to steal is base." (b.) With the predicate noun in the nominative, the whole used as subject; To be a scholar requires persevering labor." (c.) With both subject and predicate noun in the objective, the group being e subject of the sentence; as, "For that boy to be a scholar is impossible;" "It is impossible for that boy to be a scholar." (d.) With its subject in the objective used as object of a transitive verb 97, 1, a.); as, "He ordered the horse to be harnessed." (e.) With the subject and predicate noun both in the objective, the infinitive ing understood; as, They considered him [to be] a traitor." 185. Exercise. 1. Point out the contracted sentences, and change them to complex or comound sentences: Having called the captain, I was ordered to call all hands. Talent is rious, sober, grave, and respectable: tact is all that, and more too. It the open eye, the quick ear, the judging taste, the keen smell, and he lively touch. The nobility and cavaliers came to the gates to receive im. After contemplating these objects for some time, we set off, and pon arrived at the foot of the great crater of the mountain. The cholarly Arnold, chafed by the attritions of the age, and vexed by the oubt-clouds which darkened upon his gallant soul, lost his trouble in is company, and looked through it (Pilgrim's Progress) to the Bible. It may be painful to dwell on such a representation. I cannot afford, at resent, to set before you a vivid picture of the other miseries carried n the train of war. For we 've sworn by our country's assaulters, By the virgins they 've dragged from our altars, Or that, dying, our death shall be glorious! Varieties of sentences with abridged propositions. 186. Equivalent Elements. 1. Whenever a sentence undergoes a change in the form of any of its elements, without any material change in the meaning, it is said to be transformed, and the new forms of the elements, which express the same, or nearly the same meaning, are called equivalents. Thus, "After he had discovered Hispaniola, Columbus returned to Spain" Having discovered Hispaniola, Columbus returned to Spain. Here the subordinate clause denoting time is exchanged to an equivalent abridged proposition denoting time (184, I. 3, a). 2. We may change the form of a sentence (a.) By altering the grammatical construction of any of its elements; (b.) By supplying any element suppressed by ellipsis; (c.) By transposing any element to another part of the sentence. 3. We may alter the grammatical construction of an element in the following cases : (a.) We may use the active for the passive voice, or the passive for the active; as, "Columbus discovered America" America was discovered by Columbus. = (b.) We may change an element of the first class (166, 1) to one of the second, or one of the second to one of the first; as, "A morning ride is refreshing" A ride in the morning is refreshing. (c.) A complex sentence may be changed to a simple sentence (or a cotracted complex) by abridging its subordinate clause (182, 6); as, "When the shower had passed, we resumed our journey" The shower having passed, we resumed our journey. = (d.) A simple sentence may be changed to a complex by expanding any of its elements into a proposition; as, "A merciful man is merciful to his beast" A man who is merciful, is merciful to his beast. (e.) A complex sentence may be changed to a compound, by raising the subordinate clause to an equal rank with the principal, and changing the subordinate connective to a coördinate; as, " When spring comes, the flowers will bloom" The spring will come, and the flowers will bloom. (f.) A compound sentence may be changed to a complex, by depressing one of its propositions into a subordinate rank; as, "Man has a moral sense, and therefore he is an accountable being" Since man has a moral sense, he is an accountable being. (g.) A question for gaining assent (148, 5) may be changed into a declarative sentence, or a declarative sentence may be changed into a question for gaining assent; as, "Will he plead against me with his great power?": He will not plead against me with his great power. = (h.) Any sentence is said to be reconstructed, or recast, when the former construction is wholly disregarded; as, "That which agrees with the will of God Equivalent elements. Transformation of the active to the passive voice, of a word to a phrase, of a complex to a simple sentence and the reverse, of a complex to a compound sentence and the reverse, of an interrogative to a declarative sentence. Reconstruction. ld please us" We should be pleased with whatever is agreeable to the of our heavenly Father. Without altering the grammatical construction: .) A compound sentence may be contracted by an ellipsis of a common to a partial compound sentence; as, "Bacon was a distinguished writer, kspeare was a distinguished writer, and Butler was a distinguished writer Bacon, Shakspeare, and Butler were distinguished writers. .) Any contracted compound sentence, by supplying the ellipsis, may be ged to a complete compound; as, "The king and queen were absent" king was absent, and the queen was absent. . ELEMENTS TRANSPOSED. The arrangement of the elements is the ition which they take in the sentence. 1.) There are two kinds of arrangement; the natural or grammatical, and inverted or transposed. 5.) In a proposition, by the natural order, the subject is placed before the dicate; the adjective element is placed before the noun when of the first ¿s, but after the noun when of the second or third; the objective element laced after the verb which governs it; and the adverbial element comnly follows the objective element; as, "The good boy studied his geogra7 attentively." "The kingdom of Sardinia is situated in the south of rope." c.) An element is transposed whenever it is placed out of its natural order; "Great is Diana of the Ephesians." "Copernicus these wonders told." Visely were his efforts directed." (d.) When the verb "to be" predicates existence, the subject is not only nsposed, but its place is supplied by the expletive "there" (134, 11). So, en a phrase or clause as subject is transposed, its place is supplied by "it" ed as an expletive (70, 4). 187. Exercise. 1. Use the active for the passive, and the passive for the active, in the folwing examples, supplying the agent where omitted: Wellington is buried in Westminster Abbey. Not a drum was heard, or a funeral note. Energy of purpose awakens powers before unknown. 'an honor's voice provoke the silent dust? Three of your armies, O Romans, have been slaughtered by Mark Antony. I give my hand and ny heart to this vote. 2. In the following, change any element of the first class, to the second; and the reverse: A marble statue was placed in the grove. Achilles was a Grecian hero. The siege of Troy lasted ten years. In dreams, his song of triumph [he] heard. Strike the golden lyre again. Last came joy's ecstatic trial. A compound may be changed to a partial compound. Natural and inverted arrangement. An element transposed. 3. Change the following complex sentences to simple or contracted, comple sentences, by abridging the subordinate clauses : When the orator had A man who is deceitful can never be trusted. finished, the assembly retired. Heard ye the whisper of the breeze, soft it murmured by? He declares that she is a slave of his. This is the man who deserves commendation. He went to Egypt that he might see the pyramids. 4. Expand the italicized elements into clauses :— The crocuses, blooming in the garden, attracted the bees. Hannibal the Carthaginian general, conquered the Romans in four battles. We told him to leave. Cæsar should have perished on the brink of the Rubicon before attempting to cross it. Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire. 5. Supply the words omitted by ellipsis :— All nature is but art, unknown to thee; All chance, direction which thou canst not see. All partial evil, universal good. 6. Arrange the elements in their natural order : Great is Diana of the Ephesians. Welcome thou art to me. To each honor is given. In fearless freedom he arose. Whom ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. 7. See if the following can be improved by transposing any element :I would be Diogenes, were I not Alexander. The parting soul relies on some fond breast. That is the question, to be, or not to be. Then the hills shook, riven with thunder. When creation began we know not CONSTRUCTION. 188. Definitions. 1. Construction or synthesis consists in combining the elements which compose a sentence. 2. The essential combination is that of the subject and the predicate (163, 8), and is, (a.) A complete sentence, when its parts need no modification to express the full thought; as, "Jesus wept." (b.) An incomplete sentence, when the simple assertion is so indefinite as to Construction. The essential combination. Complete and incomplete sen tences. |