hat nations sympathize with their monarch's glory, that they are roved by his virtues, and that the tone of morals rises high when hat leads the band is perfect, are truths admitted with exultation, felt with honest pride.

ighly elated by his unexpected good fortune, he returned home. ing carefully the fruits of his labor, he at length was able to purse a farm.

pretended patriot, he impoverished his country.

SYNTAX OF WORDS.

197. Rules for Construction.

RULE I. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a proposi1, must be in the nominative case.

RULE II. A noun or pronoun used as the attribute of a propoon, must be in the nominative case.

RULE III. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in per, number, and gender.

RULE IV. The verb must agree with its subject in person and mber.

RULE V. An adjective or participle must belong to some noun

pronoun.

RULE VI. A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify other noun or pronoun, is put by apposition in the same case. RULE VII. A noun or pronoun used to limit another noun by noting possession, must be in the possessive case.

RULE VIII. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a transie verb, or its participles, must be in the objective case. RULE IX Adverbs are used to limit verbs, participles, adjec-es, and other adverbs.

RULE X. The nominative case independent, and the interjecon, have no grammatical relation to the other parts of the sen

nce.

RULE XI. Coördinate conjunctions are used to connect similar ements.

Rules,—Subject, Attribute, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Noun in apposition, in the possessive-in the objective,-Adverbs, Case independent, Interjecons, Coördinate conjunctions.

RULE XII. When a verb or pronoun relates to two or mor nouns connected by a coördinate conjunction,—

(1.) If it agrees with them taken conjointly, it must be in the plas number.

(2.) But if it agrees with them taken separately, it must be of the sam number as that which stands next to it.

(3.) If it agrees with one, and not the other, it must take the number of that one.

RULE XIII. A preposition is used to show the relation of in object to the word on which the latter depends.

RULE XIV. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a prepo sition must be in the objective case.

RULE XV. Subordinate connectives are used to join dissimi elements.

RULE XVI. The infinitive has the construction of the noun with the signification and limitations of the verb, and, when de pendent, is governed by the word which it limits.

RULE XVII. Participles have the construction of adjective and nouns, and are limited like verbs.

RULES, CAUTIONS, AND REMARKS.

198. The Subject.

"Caesar conquere

1. RULE I. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a prop sition must be in the nominative case; as, Gaul;" "I have found a man who can teach all that is necessar to be known."

subject, mus

"A is a vowel: "That you h

(a.) A letter, symbol, phrase, or clause, when used as the be considered as a noun in the nominative singular; as, " is the sign of addition;""To steal is base;" wronged me doth appear in this."

(b.) A noun or pronoun, as the subject of an abridged proposition, in the nominative absolute with a participle (216, 2), when its case depen upon no other word; but in the objective with an infinitive when its cas depends upon a verb or a preposition; as, "Shame being lost, all virtu

Rules,-Nouns joined by Coördinate conjunctions. Prepositions, Object of a preposition, Subordinate connectives, Infinitives, Participles. The subjec nominative. A letter, symbol, &c. Nominative absolute.

ɔst;" "They requested him to leave;""For you to be released, and me to be burdened, is obviously unjust."

A noun or pronoun may be in the nominative, though not the subject, when used in the predicate (200, 1); (2.) when in apposition with the ect, or the predicate nominative (203, 1; (3.) when used to denote the on addressed (214); (4.) when used in a mere exclamation (214); (5.) when 1 în certain cases as subject or predicate in abridged propositions (200, b.). In the imperative mode, the subject is always a pronoun of the second son, even when the compellative (157, 3) is expressed, and is usually tted; as, "Son, arise;" "Go, my friend." It is also often omitted after when, while, if, and though; also after comparisons made by as, and than; "We shall go, if [it is] possible;" "Though poor, luxurious; though subsive, vain;” "There is no heart but [what, or it] must feel them;" "The ffection was spread far wider than was supposed."

. The subject is commonly placed before the predicate, but in the impera› mode, in direct questions, in exclamatory sentences, in suppositions witha connective, in sentences arranged for rhetorical effect, in sentences inluced by the expletives "there" and "it," and in the governing clause of irect quotation (170, 1), either the verb or its auxiliary precedes the subject; "Go ye into all the world, and preach [ye] the gospel to every creature ;” Doth my father yet live?" "How is the great fallen!" "Were I not Alexler, I would be Diogenes;" "Great is Diana of the Ephesians;" "Because re was much water there." "It is natural to man," said Patrick Henry, indulge in the illusions of hope."

5. When the subject of a sentence is a phrase or a clause, the most common angement is to place the subject after the predicate (4.) and fill its vacant ace by the expletive "it," a word adapted to this idiom, but not necessary the construction. When the subject is before the predicate, the expletive ould not be used. The following sentence, therefore, is wrong,-"That the l be without knowledge, it is not good." The following sentences are lty for want of the expletive, because which, the object of the infinitive oject, is erroneously made subject of the following verb. "Why do ye that ich [it] is not lawful to do on the sabbath days?" "We have done that ich [it] was our duty to do."

6. The object of the verb in the active voice, becomes its subject in the pas-e voice; as, "John granted the Magna Charta" "The Magna Charta =s granted by John."

=

CAUTION I. Never use the objective as the subject of a finite verb. Say, I dit,-not Me did it.

NOTE.-This caution should be specially heeded in the construction of subets consisting of a personal pronoun used jointly with a noun or other onoun, in the use of the relative and interrogative pronouns, in the use of noun or pronoun as a term of comparison after than or as, and in the answers questions. See examples (199, 3).

The nominative not always subject. Subject understood. Subject after Le predicate. Subject and object with the active, or passive voice.

199. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the SUBJECTS:

Those who would give the highest training to the mind, must furnishi to it deeds of excellence, tales of heroism. How beautiful an object a tree growing with all its foliage, freely and fairly on a sheltered lawn Ye hills, lift up your voices; let the shaggy woods upon your summa wave with adoration. Has reason fled from our borders? Have ceased to reflect? It is madness to suppose that the Union can be pre served by force. There is great economy in giving pleasure to childr A trifling gift, a little kindness, goes a great way and is long reme bered. It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. T crr is human, to forgive divine. It was said that fifty guineas had bee paid for a single ticket. It was determined to examine witnesses at B bar of the Commons. The doves besought the hawk to defend the The captain commanded his company to march.

MODEL I. "Happiness depends upon the prudent constitution of the habits."-Paley.

This is a simple sentence, containing three sentence-elements. (a.) The subject,-"happiness."

(b.) The predicate,-" depends ;" and

(c.) An adverbial element," upon the constitution of the habits." The adverbial element is complex,-having "upon constitution" for its basis or principal element,-"upon" being the connective, and c stitution" the object,—hence, it is of the second class. "Constitutica is limited by "the" and "of the habits," both adjective elements,of the first, and the other of the second class.

"Happiness" is a common noun, third, sing. neut. nom. and is us as the subject. Rule I.

MODEL II. "It is evident that his conduct was directed by profound policy."-Macaulay.

This is a complex sentence.

Arranged in the natural order, it would be,-"That his conduct directed by a profound policy is evident (198, 5)." In either formi contains two general elements.

(a.) The subject,-"That his conduct was directed by a policy."

(b.) The predicate-"is evident."

profound

The subject in either form, is an element of the third class, having "that" for a connective, serving here to render the proposition subord nate, without joining it to a superior term (223, 2); it is used as a no

Models.

hird, sing. neut., and since it is the subject, it must be in the nominaive case, by Rule I. a. It is also represented by the expletive "it" 70, 4), of the same person, number, gender, and case as the clause, nd is grammatically pleonastic, but is essential to this peculiar form, nd is used to introduce the sentence in an agreeable way.

The predicate is of the second class, having "is" for the copula or onnective, and "evident" for the attribute.

MODEL III. “The patriots not dispersing, Pitcairn ordered is men to fire."

This is a contracted complex sentence, that is, a simple sentence aving abridged propositions for its elements. It contains four sentencelements,

(a.) The subject-"Pitcairn"

(b.) The predicate-"ordered."

(c.) Objective element-"his men to fire."

(d.) Adverbial element—“the patriots not dispersing.

The subject is not modified. The predicate is modified by the double object, "his men to fire" (212, 1, a.). "Men" is the direct, and "to fire,' the attributive object. The combination is derived from the objective proposition "that his men should fire”— -"men" being the subject, and should fire" the predicate.

66

"Men" is a common noun, third person, plural number, masculine gender, and is virtually the subject of "to fire," by (193, 1, b.); but since the proposition is abridged (182, 6), it becomes, with "to fire," the object of "ordered." "To fire," is a regular intransitive (82, 11) verb, infinitive mode, present tense, and is used as a noun to form the attributive object of "ordered."

The predicate is further modified by "the patriots not dispersing," an abridged proposition equivalent to "as the patriots did not disperse," and is used to show the occasion or reason for the order. In the full form, it would be connected with "ordered" by "as;" but in the abridged form, it is grammatically (not logically) (147, 4) set free, and hence is said to be absolute," patriots," the subject, still remaining in the nominative by (198, 1, b.), or Rule X., d.

2. Construct or select examples to illustrate the subject in either form, as given in the Models.

3. Correct, by the Caution, the following examples, and any others like them which you may speak or hear.

You and me will go together. Him that is studious will improve. She found the place sooner than us. Them that seek wisdom will be wise. They are people whom one would think might be trusted. Who

Models.