told you the story? Him and her. I know it as well as him or her. Who saw the eclipse? Us. They have more friends than me. Them are the ones. My brother is a much better singer than him. We are not so much to be blamed as him that upset the boat. Who came in at the door? Me. Scotland and thee did each in other live. Avoid whom soever is in a passion. There were present only him and me. You are in fault and not me. I know not whom are expected.

MODEL.-"You and me will go together" is incorrect, because the objective pronoun me is made the subject of the verb will go; but by Caution I., the objective should never be used as the subject of a finite verb. Correct, You and I will go together."

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200. A Noun or Pronoun as Attribute.

1. RULE II. A noun or pronoun used as the attribute of a proposition must be in the nominative case; as, "I am he;” “L who walk queen of the gods."

(a.) A letter, mark, phrase, or clause, used substantively as the attribute of a proposition, must be regarded as a noun in the nominative case; as, "That letter is h;"To steal is to purloin ;" "A fourth mistake in relation to happiness is, that we make our provision only for the present world."-Buckminster.

(5.) A noun or pronoun used as the attribute in an abridged proposi tion, after the participle or the infinitive of the copula, must agree in case with the subject, or with any equivalent of the subject to which the abridged expression may be joined; except, when the subject is changed to the possessive, or is wholly dropped from the sentence, it remains in the predicate nominative absolute.

EXAMPLES.-(1.) In the nominative after a participle to agree with its subject; as, "You being the captain, I must obey": Since you are the cap

tain, &c.

(2.) In the objective after the participle to agree with an equivalent of the subject; as, "Ananias descended with the elders, and with a certain orator [who was] named Tertullus;" who, the true subject, being dropped by (182, 6).

(3.) In the objective case after the infinitive to agree with the subject; as, "I believed him to be a traitor" I believed that he was a traitor.

(4.) In the nominative absolute after the participle preceded by the possessivo of the subject; as, "I was not aware of his being a foreigner" — I was not aware that he was a foreigner.

=

(5.) In the nominative absolute after the participle or infinitive, the subject of the full proposition having no equivalent, and being wholly dropped from the sentence; as, "To be a king is to be a sovereign;" "Being a scholar is

The attribute. A letter, mark, &c. The attribute in abridged propositions.

being an idler." See a parallel construction of the predicate adjective , 19).

A noun or pronoun is the attribute of a proposition when it is used with copula, or any copulative verb (82, 9), to form the predicate. It usually tes the same person or thing as the subject, and when it denotes a perit agrees with the subject not only in case, but in gender and number. he case of copulative verbs, the predicate seems to have two attributes; one the participle or attributive part of the verb, and the other the folng noun or adjective; as, "He was called John." "The boy was made

"It," used in a vague sense, not unlike the algebraic symbol for an nown quantity, is made the subject representing a noun or pronoun as ibute in any number, person, or gender; as, "It is I," "It is they ;" "It ames;" "It is she."

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The number and person of the verb are affected by the subject, and not he predicate noun; as, Apples are fruit;""His meat was (not were) sts and wild honey."

After the copulative verbs regard, consider, reckon, name, and some others, connective "as" precedes the attribute when the verb is passive, and the ibutive object when it is active, to denote the capacity in which the subject lirect object is to be taken; as, "He was regarded as an able advocate;" hey regarded him as an able advocate."

- The predicate nominative is commonly placed after the verb, and the ject nominative before it; but in questions both direct and indirect, in try, and in sentences arranged for rhetorical effect, this order is changed; “Is it I?” “Who is he ?" " And I thy victim now remain ;" "I was eyes the blind, and feet was I to the lame."

. The subject may be a noun, and the attribute a clause, as in (199, 1, a.), the subject may be a clause, and the attribute a noun in the same case as clause; as, "Will he do it? is the question."

CAUTION I. Never use the objective as the attribute after a FINITE verb, · the nominative after an INFINITIVE preceded by its objective subject. Say, It is I,"-not It is me; I knew it to be him,"-not I knew it to be he.

CAUTION II. Avoid constructions in which the thing denoted by the subject falsely identified by the attribute. Say, "The noun James is the NAME the actor,”—not "The noun James is the actor."

201. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the ATTRIBUTES:John was called the beloved disciple. Rhetoric, logic, and grammar e three arts that should always walk hand in hand. Embarrassed, scure, and feeble sentences are, generally, if not always, the result

A noun or pronoun as attribute. "It." "As," after copulative verbs. redicate nominative sometimes before the verb. Subject or attribute a clause.

of embarrassed, obscure, and feeble thought. What is man, that t art mindful of him? He returned a friend, who came a foe. It remains a monument of his greatness. Warsaw was the capital of land. Mecca is regarded by the Mohammedans as (200, 5) a holy c The inhabitants of the Arabian deserts are styled Bedouins.

A second mistake upon the subject of happiness is, that it is it found in prosperity. The truth is, that of the objects of human act sition, very few are, beyond a certain limit, even the means of happin To be an Englishman in London, a Frenchman in Paris, a Spaniar Madrid, is no easy matter; and yet it is necessary. I did not dream its being he. Do you take it to be her? For him ever to become & rect writer is out of the question. Widowhood is the state of bein widow. A second objection raised against our Lord's being the Son God and King of Israel, was taken from his mean condition."

MODEL I. "Talent is something, but tact is every thing." London Atlas.

This is a compound sentence, consisting of two coördinate clauses. "Talent is something" is the first, and "tact is every thing" is second; it is joined to the first by "but," a coördinate adversative e junction, used here to denote a contrast between the two thoug! "Something" is a common noun, of the third pers.-sing. num.—nt gen. and in the nominative case, being used as the attribute of proposition "Talent is something," according to Rule II. Repeat it In the same manner parse "thing," in the second clause.

MODEL II. "The reason is, that the outward signs of a d man and a wise man, are the same."-Sydney Smith.

This is a complex sentence. "Reason" is the simple, and " reason" the complex subject. The rest of the sentence, “is, that outward signs, &c.," is the predicate; "is" is the copula, and the s stantive clause, "that the outward signs of a dull man and a wise m are the same," is the attribute, and is used as a noun in the nominat case, according to Rule II., a. The attribute is an element of the thi class, having "that" for its connective, and "signs" for its simple st ject, and "are same" for its simple predicate. "The outward sig of a dull man and a wise man" is the complex subject,-and "are same," the complex predicate. Let the learner point out the mod cations of the simple subject. "That," in this case (see 199, Model II may be considered as joining the clause as a dependent element to t subject, while the copula joins it only as a predicated element. If t clause were assumed of the subject, "that" would be the only conne ive. Thus, "The reason that the outward signs, &c." The prepositi

Models.

a similar connection when a phrase becomes the attribute; as, “The is in the field." Compare "The boy in the field."

1ODEL III. "It is almost as hard a thing to be a poet in pite of fortune, as it is in despite of nature."-Cowley.

a,

his is a complex sentence, consisting of one principal and one subinate clause. It is introduced by the expletive "it," which is dised of as in Model II., 199. Arranged grammatically, it stands,o be a poet in despite of fortune, is almost as hard a thing as it is in pite of nature." The logical subject is, "to be a poet in despite of une;' the logical predicate is, "is almost as hard a thing as [to be oet] is in despite of nature." The grammatical subject is "to be a :t," and is limited by the complex phrase "in despite of fortune." is is an adverbial element, since it limits not "poet," but the whole "to be a poet." The copula is "is," the simple attribute, "thing;" s parsed as in Model I. The attribute "thing" is limited by "a," 1 by "as hard as [to be a poet] is in despite of nature," a complex jective element; it is of the first class, since the basis is "hard;” it complex, since the basis is limited by "as [to be a poet] is in spite of nature," which shows a comparison between two things, or e two conditions of being a poet, and would be a comparison of uality, but for the effect of "almost." In the subordinate clause, as" is the connective, and joins the adverbial clause to "hard,"--the nnection is strengthened by the correlative adverb "as" in the prinpal clause. The subordinate clause is introduced by the expletive it," and when completed and arranged grammatically, stands "[to be poet] in despite of nature is [hard]." This clause is analyzed like ■e principal clause.

"Poet" is a part of the grammatical subject of both clauses; "to " is not the grammatical subject, since it no more expresses an idea an does the copula (80, 5). The simple idea is, "to be a poet."

"Poet" is a common noun, 3d pers. sing. masc. nom. and is used as he attribute of an abridged proposition, namely, "That one should be poet in despite of fortune, &c.": "To be a poet in despite of fortune, The subject "one" is entirely dropped from the sentence in bridging the proposition, and hence by Rule II., 1, b., "poct" is in he predicate nominative absolute. See 216, 1, Model V.

e."

2. Construct, analyze, and parse examples of your own similar to the preeding.

3. Correct by the Cautions, not only the following examples, but any other imilar ones heard in conversation :-

Is it me? No; but it is him. I never thought of its being him; I ook it to be she. Whom do you think it is? It may have been her,

Models.

but I always supposed it to be he. Whom do people say it is? They say they do not know whom it is. Who do you think it is? I think it is them. I cannot believe it to be he. If I were him, I would know whom it is. If I had been sure of its being her, I should have been present.

The noun is the agent and the verb is the action. What part of speech is each boy in this room? The first person is the speaker. The animal horse is a noun. To be convicted of bribery, was then a crime altogether unpardonable. I is the first person. Have written" is the present perfect tense.

MODELS. "It is her" is incorrect, because the attribute "her" is in the objective case; but by Caution I. the attribute of a finite verb should never be in the objective case. It should be, "It is she."

"I took it to be he," is incorrect, because the nominative "he" fo lows the infinitive "to be," preceded by its objective subject “it." By Caution I. it should be, "I took it to be him."

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“You is the second person" is incorrect, because "you" being a pronoun is not a person, and hence is falsely identified by "person." By Caution II. we should avoid such constructions. It should be, "You is of the second person," that is, a pronoun of the second person.

202. Agreement of the Pronoun.

1. RULE III. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number, and gender; as, "Those who are most consistent are not more unlike to others, than they are to themselves."

in

(a.) A pronoun relating to a collective noun in the singular, is put the neuter singular, when the noun denotes unity, but in the masculine or feminine plural, when it denotes plurality; as, "A civilized people has no right to violate its solemn obligations, because the other party s uncivilized;" "The committee having made their report, were dis charged."

(b.) A pronoun relating to an antecedent consisting of coördinate terms, agrees with it by Rule XII. See also (220, 1, a. b., &c.).

2. Interrogative pronouns commonly refer to objects unknown to the speaker; and hence the person, number, and gender must be assumed till the person or thing inquired for becomes known. Although the pronoun may not agree with the true antecedent, it does agree, by rule, with the assumed, and consistency should be preserved in every reference to it. The following sele tence is wrong,-" Who was not charmed with the music they heard?" should be changed to were, or they to he. Again, a pronoun relating to a singular antecedent limited by many a is commonly put in the plural; as,

་་

The pronoun,--relating to a collective noun-to coördinate terms. Interrogatives relate to an assumed object. Pronouns without an antecedent.