cts as there are adjectives employed, the limiting adjective must be reed; as, "We saw a black, a white, a red, and a gray horse;" i. e., four es of different colors. So, when two objects have the same name, but aro ribed by adjectives which cannot unite to modify either, the article should epeated when the noun is in the singular number, but used only once n it is in the plural; as, "The first, the second, and the third regiment," the first, second, and third regiments." Neither the Old nor the New Not,-"Neither the Old nor New Testament."

ament."

other plural, 66 The first two

Many, followed by a (an), though implying plurality, is followed by a n in the singular; as, "Many a man” = Many men. When two numerals precede a noun, one singular and the plural should generally be placed next to the noun; as, s," not, "The two first lines." In such expressions as, "Five yoke of "Ten head of cattle," "Fifty sail of vessels," the plural adjective ongs to a noun in the singular, but used collectively to convey the idea of cality.

When objects are contrasted, that refers to the first, and this to the last tioned; as, "Wealth and poverty are both temptations; that tends to ite pride, this discontent."

0. By a peculiar use, the-the, primarily articles, belonging to some noun lerstood, as part, are used with comparatives, to denote proportionate ality, and are to be regarded as conjunctive adverbs used to join two ases; as, "The more I see it, the better I like it."

1. The adjective is often used as a noun, the noun to which it belongs ng understood; as, "The good are respected." On the other hand, the in is often used as an adjective; as, "Gold beads."

2. One adjective often limits the complex idea expressed by another adjec e and a noun; as, "Two old horses." So, again, in combined numbers, 1 in some few other cases, one adjective limits another; as, "Five hundred usand;" A bright red apple."

13. The predicate adjective following copulative verbs, generally denotes ne property of the subject, either already possessed by it, or acquired ough the action of the verb; as, "The boy was made sick." "The bread s baked brown." "The fruit tastes sweet."

14. A participle belonging to the subject is often used somewhat adverbially express an accompanying action. Although it does not show the manner the action, it shows how, or with what it is accompanied; as, "The Son Man came eating and drinking." See (249, 5).

66

15. When two objects, or sets of objects, are compared, the comparative gree is generally used; as, George is taller than William, or is the taller the two." "Our oranges are sweeter than yours."

16. When more than two objects are compared, the superlative degree is ed; as, "Achilles was the bravest of the Greeks."

17. When the comparative degree is used, the latter term should always

Two numerals. This and that. The the. Adjective used as a noun. n adjective joined to an adjective. The predicate adjective after copulative rbs. Use of comparatives and superlatives.

exclude the former; as, "New York is larger than any other city of the Unite States." He was wiser than his brothers." But when the superlative i used, the latter term should always include the former; as, Rhode Island the smallest of the United States."

18. Each, one, either, and neither belong to nouns in the third person singe lar. Hence, when used as nouns, verbs and pronouns should agree with the accordingly; as, "Each of his brothers is (not are) well." Either and neith have reference to two things only; each, every, and any, to more than t All refers to the individuals of a whole taken collectively; while each, ev and any refer to them when taken distributively. The following sentence wrong, because the individuals should be taken collectively; "Every ter in the series is alike,"-Say, "All the terms are alike."

19. An adjective after the participle or infinitive of the copula is sometime used abstractly, referring, it may be, logically (but not grammatically) to som indefinite object; as, "To be good is to be happy."

20. An adjective may belong to an adverb, to a phrase, or a clause used a a noun; as, "This once." Here "once" is equivalent to "one time.” deceive is criminal." "That youth and vigor must pass away is undeniable 21. The reciprocal each other, should be applied to two objects; one anothe to more than two; as, "Righteousness and peace have kissed each other," -not, "one another." "These various tribes have been at war with of

another."

CAUTION I. Never use A before the sound of a vowel, nor AN before the sound of a consonant. Say, An apple, not a apple.

CAUTION II. Avoid the use of a plural adjective to limit a singular not Say, This sort of people, not those sort.

CAUTION III. Avoid the vulgar use of THEM for THOSE, and THIS HETË or THAT 'ERE, for THIS or THAT. Say, Those books, not them books-th

chair, not this 'ere chair.

CAUTION IV.

Avoid the use of the adjective for the adverb. Say, Speak promptly, not prompt.

CAUTION V. Avoid the use of the superlative degree when two objects at compared, or the comparative when more than two are compared. Say, T wiser of the two,-not the wisest of the two.

CAUTION VI. Avoid the use of double comparatives and superlativa Say, This is the unkindest cut of all,-not the most unkindest cut of all

CAUTION VII. merely as a word.

CAUTION VIII.

Avoid the use of the article before a title or name
Say, He is called captain, not the captain.

Avoid the use of the article before the second noun, wha the same object is compared in two different capacities. Say, He is a better teacher than poet, not, than a poet.

Each, every, &c. Adjectives used abstractly. Adjectives belong to adverts Each other and one another. Cautions.

207. Exercise.

Analyze the following examples and parse the adjectives:

he yellow sun-flower by the brook, in autumn beauty stood. Life eal, life is earnest. The influence of such pursuits is ennobling. was a good man, and a just. He was a burning and a shining light. se opportunities, improved as they should be, must produce the red results. The hopes of the whole family were centred on him. resources were inexhaustible. To insult the afflicted is impious. the sorrows of a poor old man, whose trembling limbs have borne to your door. That he should refuse such a proposition, was not xpected. Every thing which is false, vicious, or unworthy, is despile to him, though all the world should approve it.

MODEL. "The sky was clear, and the immense vault of the vens appeared in awful majesty and grandeur."-Brydone.

his is a compound declarative sentence, consisting of two coördinate ts; the first, "The sky was clear;" the second, "the immense vault, "to the end.

he first part is a simple sentence, having "sky" for its subject, and as clear" for its predicate; the subject is limited by "the," a simple ective element of the first class.

he second part is a partial compound, and is joined to the first by coördinate conjunction "and." The simple subject is "vault," ited by "the," "immense," and "of the heavens;" the first two, ple adjective elements of the first class, the second, a complex ective element of the second class.

The simple predicate is "appeared," and is limited by the phrase awful majesty and grandeur;" this is a compound adverbial clement the second class, or, what is the same, an element with a compound ect, limited by the simple adjective element "awful;" "in" is the nective, and “majesty and grandeur" the compound object.

The" is a limiting adjective (definite article), and belongs to "sky," ording to Rule V., or Rule V., 1, d.

· Clear" is a qualifying adjective, and is used as the attribute of the position, and belongs to the subject "sky," according to Rule V., 1, a. Immense” is a qualifying adjective, and is used to modify "vault," which it belongs, according to Rule V., 1, b.

1. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the various uses of the ective.

3. Correct the following examples by the Cautions :—

He found a acorn in the woods.

He was a honorable man.

It is an

Model.

wonderful invention. He is an younger man than we thought. She

showed an uniform adherence to truth.

This is an hard saying.
Those sort of people are very

I do not like remarks of these kind. disagreeable. Will you buy six pair of boots? I have bought eight foot of wood. It cost a thousand pound. The lot is fifty foot in width The water is six fathom deep. We walked three mile in a short time He ordered ten ton of coal.

I found them books on the table. Which of them scholars recites the best? Go and tell them boys to come here. Ask them children to bring them apples here.

The ship glides

She dresses neat. The time passed very quick. smooth over the water. The stream flows silent on. It is not such great distance as I thought it was. He behaved much wiser than the others. Mary speaks French very fluent. I am exceeding sorry hear such tidings.

He was the larger of them all. He was the oldest of the two brothers He preferred the latter of the three. Which is the oldest of the two! John is the wisest of the two.

After the most strait est sect of our religion, I lived a pharisee. This was the most unkindest cut of all. The rose is most fairest of all flow The chief of the Arabian tribes is styled the sheik. The chief magistrate is called the emperor. He was an abler financier than negotiator.

ers.

208. The Noun or Pronoun in Apposition.

1. RULE VI. A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pronoun is put by apposition in the same case; as, "William the Conqueror defeated Harold, the Saxon king."

2. The explanatory noun or pronoun must denote the same person or thir as that which it identifies. It usually explains by showing the office, rank capacity, occupation, or character of the principal term; as, "Peter the Her mit." "John the Evangelist."

it

=

3. This construction may be regarded as derived from an adjective class by abridging it; as, "Paul, who was the apostle to the Gentiles" Paul, apostle to the Gentiles. Hence, like the full clause, it may be restrictive, is which case it points out the individual; as, "William, the Conqueror;" ( may be explanatory (202, 13); that is, it resumes the idea expressed by the principal noun for the purpose of amplification, rhetorical effect, even argument; as, "Moses, the servant of the Lord, died there in the land of Moab." Here, "servant" is not used to distinguish this Moses from some other, but to show the writer's idea of his exalted character as the servant of

Nouns in apposition, denote office, &c. Restrictive or explanatory.

Lord. Mark, also, the following examples,-"The Lord, the most high the possessor of heaven and earth;" "You have ruined him, your pro-, your best friend," that is, notwithstanding he is your protector and your friend.

It is an error to suppose that a noun or pronoun is in apposition with her noun or pronoun, because the construction requires them to be put e same case. The predicate noun is not in apposition with the subject , though it is required to be in the same case; in one case we affirm what e other we assume (163, 7). The second, or attributive object, after the e voice of copulative verbs, is not in apposition with the first, though in ame case. (See 212, 9.)

Three cases of apposition may be distinguished,—

) The noun in apposition, though subordinate to the principal, is made inent, and receives the emphasis; as, "Peter the Hermit." In this case always placed last.

) The noun, when put in apposition with a personal pronoun, though ed last, is so nearly equal in value with the latter, as to render it somes doubtful which should be regarded as principal; as, "Ye men of Athens." ) When used as a title, or part of a name, the noun in apposition loses emphasis, is placed first, and may be taken with the principal noun, as complex name (44, 5); as, "General Scott." "Washington Irving," Some e supposed the leading noun here to be used adjectively. But when a à is used wholly as an adjective, it denotes a different thing from that ch it limits; as, "A silver cup."

When, for the sake of emphasis, the same name is repeated, it is in appon with the former; as, "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse." When the limiting noun denotes a person, it generally, though not always, es with the limited, in number, gender, and case; as, "Paul the Apostle." e Franks, & people of Germany."

The noun in apposition is rendered more emphatic when joined by such ectives as namely, as, to wit, that is; as, "Two men, namely, George and C8." "So that he, as God. sitteth in the temple of God."

A noun or pronoun in the plural may be represented, not by one, but by or more nouns, which, together, are equivalent to it; as, "The victims a her and a sister." The reverse of this rule is equally true; as, "Intemance, oppression, and fraud, vices of the age." In the case of the express, each other and one another, the first words, each and one, are in apposiwith a preceding plural noun or pronoun, or with two or more singular ns taken conjointly; as, "The boys struck one another" The boys ck-one struck another; "John and David love each other" John and vid love—each loves the other. Each and one are in the nominative case, other is in the objective case. It is better, in some cases, to consider the bination as an inseparable term; as, "He did not recommend the washof one another's feet."

=

0. The proper name of a place, instead of being put in apposition with

Youns in the same case not always in apposition. Three cases. Nouns eated. Nouns denoting persons agree in number, gender, and case. Use amely, as, &c. Each other, &c. A proper and a common name.