the common name, is usually governed by the preposition of; as, “The city of Rome."

11. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a sentence, and sometimes a sentence with a noun; as, " They devoted their whole time to the promotion of our happiness-attentions which we shall not soon forget." "The maxir. Enough is as good as a feast, has silenced many a vain wish."

12. When possessives are in apposition, the sign of possession ('s) is com monly used with only one of them, and that one which immediately precedes the limited noun; as, "John the Baptist's head." "His majesty King Henry's "For Herodius' sake, his brother Philip's wife." "At Smith's

crown."

the bookseller."

13. Sometimes a noun, preceded by "as," without the sign, and evidently without the signification of the possessive, refers logically to a noun or prenoun in the possessive; as, "What do you think of my brother's success 28 teacher?" "As an author, his Adventurer' is his capital work.'" Ratic than to consider teacher and author in the possessive case here, it is better to suppose teacher to refer in sense to brother's, but to take its case from succes; and author to refer logically to his, but grammatically to work.

209. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the nouns or pronouns apposition:

The patriarch Abraham was accounted faithful. The Emperor Nero was a cruel tyrant. James, the royal Scottish poet, was imprisoned in Windsor Castle. In the fifth century, the Franks, a people of Germany, invaded France. Frederic William III., King of Prussia, son of Frederic William II., and Louisa, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, was born August 3, 1770.

MODEL. "Daniel Boone, the pioneer of Kentucky, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in the month of February, 1735." -Sparks.

Analyze this sentence, and parse the subject, predicate, and all the connectives.

Pioneer is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, nominative case, and is used to identify "Daniel Boone," with which it is put in apposition, by Rule VI. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct similar examples of your own to illustrate apposition.

3. Correct, by the rule, the following examples.

I am going to see my friends in the country, they that we visited last summer. Washington will be remembered by our posterity as him who was the father of his country. The echo-song was sung by Jenny Lind, she who delighted the whole country.

A noun in apposition with a sentence. Possessives in apposition.

210. Noun or Pronoun in the Possessive.

1. RULE VII. A noun or pronoun used to limit the applicaon of another noun, by denoting possession, is put in the possesve case; as, Stephen's courage failed;" "Their fortune was iple ;” "Whose work is this?"

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2. The principal idea expressed by this relation is that of possession; t, this term should not be understood to mean simply property. The ssessive case is employed to denote,

(a.) Property; as, "The farmer's house."

(b.) Source or origin; as, "Heaven's command;" "The sun's rays." (c.) Agency; as, "Solomon's temple," i. e., the temple built by Solomon. (d.) Adaptation or fitness; as, "Men's hats."

(e.) Kindred; as, "Brother's son."

(f.) Time, weight, and measure; as, "The ten years' war;" "A pound's eight; "A mile's length."

3. The possessive case is used to limit the noun, when we wish to press some agency emanating usually from a person, or some object eated as a person. It performs the office of the adjective, and is hence -ckoned an adjective element.

4. The relation of the possessive is one of dependence. There must, erefore, be some noun for it to limit. This noun, however, may be derstood; as, "IIe worships at St. Paul's [church]."

5. The present active participle, the present passive (with being), and e perfect participles (but never the past, or simple passive), when sed as nouns, may be limited by the possessive, and at the same time Lay have the limitation which they have when they are complete prediates; as, "I heard of your studying Latin;" "I am in favor of their inging the dispute to a speedy close."

6. Instead of the possessive form, the preposition of, with the objecve, is often used; as, "The court of the king": The king's court. 7. The possessive case may be either assumed or predicated; as, David's book;" "This book is David's."

8. An adjective sometimes, though seldom, intervenes between the ossessive and the noun on which it depends; as, "Of man's first disoedience;” and when, in such case, the noun is understood, the possesive sign is annexed to the adjective used as a noun; as, "This is the wretched's only plea."

9. All possessive constructions may be divided into simple, complex, and compound. The construction of simple possessives is sufficiently explained by Rule VIII.

Possessives, what they denote.

The possessive, an adjective element.

Limited noun understood. Possessives may limit participles. Assumed or

predicated. Adjectives intervene.

10. A possessive is complex, when a group of words, consisting of a principal and a subordinate term, is put into the possessive. Of this there are two cases,

(a.) The subordinate noun may be in the objective after a preposition; as, "The duke of Wellington's sword." Here, the possessive sign is applied to an inseparable group. Although "duke" alone is in the possessive, it would not be improper to regard the whole group as a noun in the possessive, limiting "sword." When possession in a similar case is predicated (7 above), the sign is applied to the simple possessive noun; as, "There shall nothing of all that is the children's of Israel."- Exodus ix., 4.

(b.) The subordinate noun may be put in apposition with the principal noun. Here are two cases: (1.) When the subordinate noun unites with the other, forming a complex name (208, 5, c.). In this case, the sign of posses sion is applied to the last only, or that nearest the limited noun ; as, “General George Washington's farewell address;" (2.) When the subordinate noun is properly in apposition with a possessive noun; as, "For thy servant David's sake;" ;" "At Smith's, the bookseller." Here, the rule is to give the possessive sign to the one immediately preceding the governing noun, whether it be the first possessive, as in the second example, or the second, as in the first example.

11. A possessive is compound, when the terms composing it are coördinate; and here, also, are two cases,

(a.) The coördinate terms may individually limit a noun denoting one common object; as, "Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln's store;" or,

(b.) They may limit the same noun applied to different objects; as, “Richardson's, Worcester's and Webster's Dictionary," that is, three dictionaries. In this case, each noun has the sign, because dictionary is understood immediately after it. But, in the other case, the group has the sign, which is, by a general rule, applied to the noun nearest to the governing word.

12. There are two other constructions which are thought by some to come under the case of complex possessives: the one is the case of the predicate noun in an abridged proposition, whose subject has been changed to the possessive; the other is that mentioned in (208, 13). For these cases, see (200, b., and 208, 13).

13. Sometimes, a possessive and the limited noun unite and forms compound, which may be taken

(a.) Literally, and should be written without the possessive sign; as, tradesman, craftsman, ratsbane, doomsday; or,

(b.) Metaphorically, in which case they should be written with the sign: as, Job's-tears, Jew's-ear, bear's-foot, hound's-tongue, bear's-breech, lion's-tal, wolf's-bane, wolf's-peach, names of plants.

When a compound, consisting of a possessive and its governing noun, used as an adjective, the sign should not be omitted; as, “A bird's-eye view;" "A camel's-hair shawl."

Possessive constructions, simple, complex, compound. The possessive and limited noun form a compound.

CAUTION I. In writing nouns in the possessive, never omit the possessive mination. Write man's, not mans.

CAUTION II. In using pronouns in the possessive, never insert the aposphe in writing, nor add the letter n in speaking. Write theirs, not their's. y, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, not hisn, hern, ourn, yourn, theirn.

CAUTION III.

plural. eant.

Never make the limited noun plural because the possessive Say "Their decision," not, "Their decisions," one only being

211. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the possessives :— Charles's resignation filled all Europe with astonishment. The joy his youth was great. Rotha's bay received the ship. Her ways are ays of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. A mother's tenderess, and a father's care, are nature's gifts for man's advantage. A hieftain's daughter seemed the maid. Yet my last thought is England's. he stooped her by the runnel's side. Hushed were his Gertrude's lips. ur harps we left by Babel's streams.

MODEL "What, I say, was Cæsar's object?"-Knowles. This is a complex sentence, consisting of a principal clause, "I say," nd a subordinate interrogative clause, "What was Caesar's object?” is quoted directly (170, 1), and hence the interrogation point is used t the close (170, 6).

“I," is the subject of the principal clause, and "say," the grammatial predicate; it is limited by the quoted clause, which is subordinate à construction, and is an objective element of the third class. It has o connective (160, 5); its simple subject is " 'object," and is limited y the adjective element "Cæsar's;" the predicate is "was what," of hich was" is the copula, and "what" the attribute.

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"Cæsar's" is a proper noun, of the third person, singular number, asculine gender, possessive case, and is used to limit "object," by enoting possession. Rule VII. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct similar examples of your own.

3. Correct any errors of your own, either in speaking or writing the posessive.

4. Correct the following examples by the Cautions:—

On Lindens hills of blood-stained snow. It was the grand sultans Dalace. The nations hopes were blasted. Next Mars, Piazzis orb is It is against the laws of Plutos empire. His brothers offence is

seen.

Cautions. Model.

not his.

Midst glorys glance, and victorys thunder-shout. The mans story was false. If, of Drydens fire the blaze is brighter, of Popes the heat is more regular and constant.

This book is your's. I listened to it's song.

The slate is hisn. This

map is theirn. This knife is mine, and not yourn. That handkerchief

is hern. These sheep are ourn

ture? Our's is a pleasant task

Will you drive yourn out of the pas

I will do it for your sakes. We intend, for our parts, to follow his advice. Their healths have improved. We will submit to our lots. It was not worth their whiles to remain so long in port.

12. The Object.

1. RULE VIII. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a transitive verb, or its participles, must be in the objective case; as, "He found the object which he desired."

(a.) Copulative verbs (9 below), in the active voice, take a direct object and predicate of it an attributive object, both of which form a double object; as, "They called him John." In the passive voice, the dircaobject becomes the subject, and the attributive becomes the attribute; as, "He was called John."

(b.) Certain verbs, as give, ask, teach, and others (12 below), in the active voice, take two objects, one direct, and the other indirect, as, "He gave me a book." In the passive, the direct object should become the subject, and the indirect should remain in the predicate; as, book was given to me."

2. When a noun or pronoun is used to complete the meaning of a transitive verb, without the aid of a preposition expressed or understood, it is called the direct object; but when it is added to a verb, either transitive or intransitive, to show that to or for which anything is, or is done, or that from which any thing proceeds, it is called the indirect object; as, "Ellen gave an apple ta her brother."

3. When an indirect object precedes the direct, the preposition should be omitted; when it follows, it should be expressed; as, "I lent him a book" = I lent a book to him.

4. The indirect object is sometimes used alone with intransitive verbs, sometimes with an adjective, and in a few instances with a noun; as, "He spoke of his trials." "To me this rule is obvious." "To the hero that was a proud day."

5. The object of a transitive verb may be an infinitive, or a substantive clause; as, "I love to write." "I have heard that he was sick."

The object-after copulative verbs after give, ask, &c. Direct and indirect object. The infinitive as object.