Some intransitive verbs are followed by an object of kindred significa; as, "He ran a race." "She dreamed a dream."

The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive; as, Rome was founded by Romulus.

comulus founded Rome"

. To avoid ambiguity, the object should be placed after the verb, especially en the subject and object are both nouns; as, "Alexander conquered Da=," not "Alexander Darius conquered;" but when the subject or object is ronoun, the form usually determines the relation; as, "Him followed his Et mats."

The following copulative verbs, make, appoint, elect, create, constitute, der, name, style, call, esteem, think, consider, regard, reckon, and some others, only take after them a direct object, but predicate of it another object, ich may, therefore, be called its attribute. The attributive object may be er a noun, an adjective, or a verb. "They made him an officer." "They de him sick." "They made him labor." Though it is evident that the ributive object, when a noun, denotes the same person or thing as the first, s by no means in apposition with it. In the case of apposition, the prinal noun completes the meaning of the verb, and the second limits the first; "They called Miles, the carpenter." But in the case of two objects (the ject and its attribute), both are necessary to complete the meaning of the rb; as, "They called Miles a carpenter" In one case, the second noun has grammatical relation to the verb; in the other, it is directly related, both the verb and to the first noun." In the first example, "carpenter" should parsed as a noun in the objective, put in apposition with the first, by Rule I. In the second example, “carpenter" should be parsed as a noun in the jective, forming, in connection with "Miles," the object of "called," being 30 an attribute to the first object. In a similar way, parse “ sick," and labor," in the above examples; or, one may be called the first, or principal, d the other the attributive object of the verb.

10. This construction, in many instances, may be traced to an abridged oposition, in which the infinitive has been dropped; as, 66 They considered m a poet," that is, to be a poet. In fact, the infinitive of the copula is often pressed, the first object representing, in the objective, what was the subject minative; the second, in like manner, what was the predicate nominative fore the proposition was abridged; as, "I knew that he was a scholar." I knew him to be a scholar." In such cases, the infinitive and second noun rm the attributive object of the verb, the second noun being in the objective ter "to be." Some verbs, as say, announce, hope, and others, take only the ill form of the proposition; others, as believe, know, think, and many others, Imit either the full or abridged form; while others, as compel, constrain, ad others, take only the abridged form; as, "I say that he did it,"-never, im to do it; "I believe that he is honest" him to be honest; "They com

elled him to go,”-never, that he should go. 11. An infinitive may be the second or attributive object; the first object eing its subject, and the two together forming a kind of abridged proposition;

Object of kindred signification. Position of the object. Object after copuative verbs. Principal and attributive object. Double object derived from in abridged proposition.

as, "They ordered the soldiers to march." "They ordered that the soldien should u arch." (182, S.)

12. The following verbs, buy, sell, play, sing, get, lend, draw, send, wak 1a88, write, pour, give, teuch, leave, bring, tell, do, present, throw, carry, an show, order, promise, refuse, deny, provide, and some others, take after the besides a direct object, an indirect object, showing to or from what the actio tends; as, " Give me a book."

13. When any of the above verbs assume the passive form, the direct che generally (though not always) becomes the subject; as, "A book was gi me." The indirect object sometimes, however, becomes the subject; as, was asked his opinion." "I was taught grammar." Opinion and grammar are in the objective case after a passive verb.

14. Instead of a single word, or an infinitive, a substantive clause may become one of the objects; as, "He informed me that the boat had sailed."

213. Exercise.

1. Analyze the sentences, and parse the objective nouns and pronouns the following examples :

:

Ambition makes the same mistake concerning power that avarice makes concerning wealth. If you have performed an act of great a disinterested virtue, conceal it. Imperial Rome governed the bodies men, but did not extend her empire farther. In former times, patrio's prided themselves on their own poverty, and the riches of the sta He endeavored to inculcate right principles. He sought to follow : # example of the good. They say that they have bought it. The n great consider, first, how they may gain the approbation of God. La inquired, "Who comes there?"

MODEL I. "Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and thou hast made me the head of the heathen."Psalms xviii. 43.

This is a compound sentence, consisting of two coördinate parts, co nected by "and." The first is a simple sentence, having thou” for subject, and “hast delivered" for its simple, and "hast delivered 1.5 from the strivings of the people," for its complex predicate. (Pout all the modifications of the simple predicate.)

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The second component part is also a simple sentence, having “thoa" for its subject, "hast made" for its simple, and "hast made me the hea of the heathen," for its complex predicate. The simple predicate hast made" is modified by "me the head of the heathen," an objective es ment, consisting of "me," the direct, and the head of the heathen,"

Object after buy, sell, &c. Direct object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive.

attributive object, both together forming a double object, used to ›lete the meaning of "hast made."

Me" is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, uline gender, and objective case, and in the first clause is the object hast delivered," according to Rule VIII.; and in the second, the ing or direct object of hast made."

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Head" is a common noun, third person, &c., and is the attributive et of "hast made," "me head," combined, being the double object, rding to Rule VIII., a.

the same manner, parse "him," and "to write," in the sentence, commanded him to write."

IODEL II. "He gave me a promise."

He" is the subject, and "gave" the simple, and "gave me a pro," the complex predicate; "gave" is limited by "me" and " "pro,"-the latter a direct, and the former an indirect object of "gave." the learner parse each, and give Rule VIII., b., and Rule VIII.

· Construct examples of your own to illustrate the object after transitive

'S.

. Correct the following examples by the rule :—

Who did you see yesterday? Who did he marry? They that help we should reward. He who committed the offence thou shouldst ish, not I, who am innocent. Who should I find but my cousin? 1 you let him and I sit together? I did not know who to send.

214. Adverbs as Modifiers.

1. RULE IX. Adverbs are used to limit verbs, participles, adjeces, and other adverbs; as, "Lightning moves swiftly." "He vanced walking slowly;" "The night was very dark;" "The ind was heard very distinctly."

2. Some adverbs, instead of modifying any particular word, are either indendent, or are used to modify an entire proposition; as, yes, no, nay, amen, zewise, truly, &c. "Will you go? Yes."-"Truly, God is good to Israel." 3. Any word or group of words performing the office of an adverb, is called adverbial element or expression. If it be a group of words, it should first disposed of as an adverb, and then resolved into its component parts. 4. An adverb or adverbial expression should be placed so near the word hich it limits, as to make its relation obvious; yet no element of the sentence n be so easily transposed without causing ambiguity, as the adverbial. It ay be placed at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence;

Adverbs modify a proposition. An adverbial element. Position of the

as, "He carefully examined the document" Carefully did he examine document. He examined the document carefully.

5. Adverbs are used sometimes to limit the meaning of a preposition, sol times a phrase; as, "He held his hand exactly over the place"

absent almost a year."

"We"

6. Adverbs are themselves sometimes modified by phrases or clauses; "He left four years afterwards." "He came some time ago.” than his brother."

"He ran ja

7. What, equivalent to partly, is sometimes used as an adverb (75, Once one time, is often used as a noun; as, "Excuse me for this or "So, also, when, now, and then, are used as nouns; as, “Until now;” “Si then;" Since then."

S. Conjunctive adverbs are complex words usually modifying two wa and, at the same time, joining an adverbial clause to the word on whic depends; as, " We shall be present when the boat arrives" (135, 2).

CAUTION I. Two negatives should never be employed to express a negati as, "I have no book," not, "I haven't no book."

CAUTION II. Avoid the use of an adverb when the quality of an object, | not the manner of an action, is to be expressed; as, "The apple tas sweet," not, sweetly tastes."

CAUTION III. Avoid the use of No to express negation, with a verb or p ticiple; as, “I shall not change my course of action, whether you do not," not, "whether you do or no.'

CAUTION IV. Never use нow before THAT, or instead of it; as, "Hes that he should come," not, "how he should come," nor, "how that should come."

215. Exercise.

1. Analyze the sentences, and parse the adverbs in the following examples You both are truly welcome. Speak softly, for a breath might w her. Yet we may strongly trust his skill. How heavily her fate m weigh her down! Freely to give reproof, and thankfully to receive is an indispensable condition of true friendship. How happy they w wake no more! How soon man's earthly enjoyments pass away! H casily are men diverted from a good cause!

MODEL I. "Burke was deeply hurt."-Macaulay.

This simple sentence has "Burke" for its subject, "was hurt" for grammatical, and "was deeply hurt" for its logical predicate; “y hurt" is limited by "deeply," a simple adverbial element of the fi class, used to show how he was hurt.

Adverbs limit prepositions or phrases. What, an adverb. Conjunct adverbs.

Deeply" is an adverb, comp. deeply, more deeply, most deeply, and is

to limit "was hurt," by Rule IX. (Repeat it.)

Construct examples of your own to illustrate the uses of the adverb.

Correct, by the Cautions, the following examples :—

Nothing never
Neither he nor

vill not take that course by no means. I did not like neither his ciples nor his practice. I cannot write no more. justify such conduct. He will never be no better. ne else believes the story. I never go nowheres. I am resolved not ust him, neither now, nor any other time. No one knows neither causes nor the effects of such influences.

is expressions sounded harshly. Satin feels very smoothly. Give a soon and decisive answer. Such incidents are of seldom occurThe then emperor issued a decree. Did he arrive safely? She hed beautifully.

c.

now now whether this be thy son's coat, or no?

I do it, or no. I will ascertain if it is true, or no.

Tell me whether I

le said how he believed it. She told me how that she would come he could. He remarked how time was valuable.

. Exchange the following adverbs for equivalent PHRASES, containing a position and its object :

The soldiers fought bravely. The cars are moving rapidly. There nds the house. The bee builds its cells skilfully. The winds blow cely. Where are you teaching? Why do you delay? Read carefully. ten attentively.

216. Case Independent and Interjection.

1. RULE X. The nominative case independent, and the interjecn, have no grammatical relation to the other parts of the sen

ice.

(a.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by direct address; as, Nato, thou reasonest well."

(b.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by mere exclamation; as, O wretched man that I am!"

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(c.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by pleonasm, or when the tention is drawn to an object before anything is said of it; as, Har ́s flesh, it fell away." "Gad, a troop shall overcome him." (d.) A noun or pronoun may be independent or absolute, when, in nnection with a participle, it is equivalent to a proposition, of which it

Nominative case independent. Interjections. Direct address. ExclamaPleonasm.

ɔn.