y, is worth seeking for its own sake." "The man, and his servant too, was arded." "The father, as well as his son, was in fault." "Thine is the gdom, and the power, and the glory."

66

d.) When the coördinate nouns are regarded by the mind as representing thing; as, "Bread and milk is excellent food for children." The horse I chaise is in its place."

in.

Thus far reference has been had only to the number of the verb and proIt often happens that the coördinate words are of different persons. en the coördinate parts are of different persons, the verb or pronoun agrees h the first rather than the second, and with the second rather than the rd; as, "Thou and thy sons with thee (that is, ye) shall bear the iniquity your priesthood." "John, thou, and I (that is we) are attached to our intry."

. When the coördinate parts are each singular, and of different genders, eral cases may arise,

a.) The verb may relate to them conjointly, while the pronoun may relate but one; as, "James and his sister were destroying her bonnet." "James d his sister were destroying his cap."

(b.) The pronoun may relate to them taken conjointly, while the verb relates them taken separately; as, "James or his sister has destroyed their diction y," the dictionary being theirs by a joint ownership.

(c.) When the pronoun has a common reference to both coördinate nouns ken conjointly, the gender cannot be distinguished by the pronoun, since e latter is plural, and consequently has, in English, the same form for all aders.

(d.) When the pronoun refers to two or more coördinate nouns taken sepately, there is no personal pronoun, in English, applicable to each, and thero an inherent difficulty in constructing the expression properly; as, "John Ellen has lost his or her pencil." To use his alone, or her alone, would veal the ownership, which is supposed to be unknown. Hence it does not rail to say that the masculine is preferred to the feminine, and the feminine the neuter; for either would become explicit, as in case (4, a.). To avoid this ficulty, it is best to recast the sentence, or so construct it as to escape such dilemma. Yet, contrary to the general rule (202, 5), frequent instances cur in which the pronoun, in such cases, is put in the plurai, and thus the ender is concealed; as, "Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that onan unto thy gates, and shalt stone them with stones, till they shall die." 5. When each of the coördinate parts is denoted by the same word, and hat a singular noun referring to different objects, and cach, except the last, 3 understood,-being represented by some modifying word, the agreement of he verb or pronoun follows the general rule; as, "A Webster's, a Worcester's, und a Richardson's dictionary were consulted;" that is, three dictionaries. A literary, a scientific, a wealthy, and a poor man were assembled in one

:oom."

6. Coördinate terms are taken separately, when one is affirmative, and the

Different persons. Coördinate constructions of different persons-genders. Pronouns relating to singular coördinate nouns taken conjointly, separately. When the coördinate parts are the same word.

other negative, or when one is opposed to, or contrasted with, the others; such cases, if both, or all the terms are plural, the pronoun or verb must, course, be plural. When a verb or pronoun relates to two coördinate terms connected by as well as, save, but, but not, or and not, it should agree with the former, and be understood to the latter, whatever be its number; as, “Ita minutest insect, as well as the largest quadruped, derives its life from the sang omnipotent source;" "None, but he, can heal the malady of the soul;" "Thars was no stranger with us in the house, sare we two in the house."

=

7. Two terms may be coördinate logically, but not grammatically; a "Godliness with contentment is great gain": Godliness and contentment, & In such cases, the verb or pronoun should agree with the term to which refers grammatically.

221. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following sentences, and point out and parse the verbs and pronouns which illustrate the rule:—

Where was it when winds and clouds were his only visitors, and when the sun and blue heavens by day, and the moon and stars by night, alone looked down and beheld it, the same as they behold it now? One day the poor woman and her idiot boy were missed from the market-place Neither his vote, his influence, nor his purse was ever withheld from the cause in which he had engaged. Neither the captain nor the sailors were saved. Whether one person or more were concerned in the business, does not appear. Every insect, and every bird, was hushed to

silence.

NOTE. For Models, see (203, 1), and (205, 1).

2. Construct or select other examples to illustrate this rule.

222. Prepositions.

1. RULE XIII. A preposition is used to show the relation of its object to the word on which the object depends; as, "George went INTO the garden ;" "A life of virtue is a life of happiness."

2. The noun or pronoun following the preposition is always dependent ca some term, usually a preceding one, and the preposition is used to show that dependence. Properly speaking, the objective is not the object of the prepo sition, but of the preceding term. In the case of the transitive verb, there are two terms, the verb itself and the objective, and the relation between then is closer than between those in which the preposition is used; the objective is not called the object of that relation, but rather of the antecedent term, the verb. Yet custom makes the noun the object of the preposition.

3. Sometimes the antecedent term is omitted, and sometimes the subsequent; as, "In a word, he is ruined" To express all in a word, &c. He looked

Two terms logically but not grammatically coördinate. Prepositions show a dependence. Antecedent or subsequent term omitted.

nd" supply [him]. When the object is understood, the preposition is Hly parsed as an adverb. For, used before an infinitive and its objective ect, when the group is taken as the subject of a proposition, has no anteat term; as, "For him to lie is base." The to of the infinitive, when both ther constitute the subject, represents no relation to an antecedent term; 'To lie is base."

Between and betwixt refer to two objects; among and amongst to more two; as, "He walked between the trees" (two trees). "He walked ng the trees" (many trees).

Sometimes the preposition is involved in the antecedent term, or, at least, ggested by it; as, near [to], like [to].

When the preposition is placed at the beginning of a sentence, or when, its object, it precedes the antecedent term of the relation which it shows, relation may be easily discovered by reärranging the sentence. Thus, all the topics involved in this theme, it will be impossible for me to k": = It will be impossible for me to speak of all the topics, &c.

AUTION.

66

In expressing the relations between words, be careful to employ ropriate prepositions. Say, That is different from what I expected," ,"Different to what I expected."

223. Exercise.

Analyze the following sentences, and parse the prepositions:

call to you with all my voice. From end to end, from cliff to lake, as free. Her tears were now flowing without control. She is like ne tender tree, the pride and beauty of the grove-graceful in its m, bright in its foliage, but with the worm preying at its heart.

MODEL. "Of all his errors, the most serious was, perhaps, the oice of a champion""The most serious [error] of all his rors, was, perhaps, the choice of a champion."

This is a simple sentence. "Error" understood is the subject, and is nited by "the," "most serious," and "of all his errors." (Describe d classify each.) "Was choice" is the predicate, of which 66 was" is e copula, and "choice" is the attribute; "was" is limited by the odal adverb "perhaps," used to give a degree of uncertainty to the sertion; "choice" is limited by "the" and "of a champion." (Deribe and classify each.)

"Of" is a preposition, and, in the first instance, shows the relation f"errors" to "error" understood; in the second instance, it shows le relation of "champion" to "choice." Rule XIII. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the use of the prepositions then the antecedent term is a NOUN, an ADJECTIVE, a VERB, an ADVERB.

For and to. Between, betwixt, among, amongst. Position of the preposition. Model.

3. Correct, by the Caution, the following examples:

I am engaged with my work. Mesopotamia lies among two rivers I left my book to home. Come in my house. They insist on it, tha you are wrong. My friend has a strong prejudice to the candidate That mother is too indulgent with her child. With what are you s intent? We should profit from the experience of others. not careful with his books. With what does he excel?

224. The Object of the Preposition.

That boy

1. RULE XIV. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a pre position must be in the objective case; as, "The ruins of the Parthenon stand upon the Acropolis in the city of Athens.”

(a.) Before nouns in the objective, denoting time, measure, distance, quantiy, value, or direction, and before such as follow near, nigh, like, and worth, the preposition is usually omitted; as, "The wall is six feet high;" "We walked twenty miles that day;" "He helped a worthy man, and is not a penny poorer;" "My friend has gone West;" "He is like his father," "They live near the city;" "The book is worth a dollar."

2. The preposition is omitted as in (212, 4); and in dates, there is usually an omission of several prepositions; as, "[At] Boston, [on] Monday, [of] February the 10th, [in the year] 1860."

3. The word worth is by some called a preposition; but it can be predicated of a noun like an adjective, and may be qualified by an adverb; and what is more, it expresses an idea of quality rather than a relation between words; as, The lesson is well worth learning;" "It is richly worth the money." Worth is sometimes a noun, and sometimes a verb; as, "The worth of a dol lar;" "A person of great worth," "Woe worth the day." In this last example, worth is a verb in the imperative, equivalent to be to, and day is the indirect object of it.

as,

4. But and save, in the sense of "except," are generally used as prepositions: "Whence all but him had fled;" yet formerly, and by some writers even now, they are regarded as conjunctions; as, "Neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him."

5. Prepositions are sometimes followed by adjectives, or adverbs used substantively; as, in vain, on high, for this once, till now, from thence, from abute. 6. Thin before whom, has been erroneously supposed by some to be a preposition; as, "Than whom none higher sat." Than is no more a preposition here than in case of any other proper use of the word. It denotes compar sou, and the construction requires that it should be followed by the nominative, instead of the objective whom. Though used by some good writers, it should be avoided as anomalous. In this case, it should be disposed of by: saying that it is the objective by the figure enallage (237, 8.)

The object of the preposition. Nouns denoting time, measure, &c. Preposition omitted. Worth. But and save. Prepositions followed by adjectives

or adverbs.

Than.

225. Exercise.

. Analyze the following examples, and parse the prepositions and their

ects :

similar improvement may be made of the memory of our good ds. What ground of hope is there so sure to his spirit, next to the rey of his God, and the intercession of Christ, his Saviour? It was long before he returned with his man, whom he introduced to me as erson of exceeding honesty; and we went into the yard all together.

MODEL. “We live in an age of sifting."—Neander.

Let the learner analyze this sentence.

"Age" is a common noun, third, sing., neut., obj., and is the object the preposition "in." Rule XIV.

Sifting" is a participial noun, in the objective case, and is used as e object of the preposition "of." Rule XIV.

2. Construct examples in which any of the prepositions (140) shall join jective or adverbial phrases.

3. Change the phrases, consisting of a preposition and its object, into equivant ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS :

The dew of the morning has passed away. The temple of Solomon as destroyed by the Chaldean monarch. The messenger was sent in The laborer entered upon his task with eagerness. The waves ash upon the rocks with fury.

aste.

226. Subordinate Connectives.

1. RULE XV. Subordinate connectives are used to join disimilar elements; as, "He that hath pity on the poor, lendeth to he Lord."

2. Subordinate connectives, unlike coördinate, show a reiation of dependзnce, and are used to join, not clauses of equal rank, but dependent clauses to an antecedent term, which they serve to modify, except as below (3).

3. That, whether, or the various interrogatives, when, where, &c., when used to introduce a substantive clause employed as the subject of a proposition, do not connect the clause to an antecedent term, since the subject can be subordinate to no other part of the proposition. These connectives thus used serve to convert a principal proposition into a subordinate substantive proposition, which, like any noun, may be used as the subject.

4. In many cases, the subordinate connective has a corresponding word in the principal clause, called the correlative; as, "Then when, there—where,

Subordinate connectives show dependence. That, whether, &c. Corresponding connectives.

P