if-then, though-yet, so-that, so-as, as-as, the, this, that, these, those-r that, or which.

5. Though a subordinate conjunction appropriately joins a clause to sor preceding term, yet than and as sometimes appear to connect words only: = Less judgment than wit, is more sail than ballast." "The moon, as sate" attends." Though this connection seems to resemble coördinate, the term joined are not of the same rank. As has a peculiar use when thus employe to connect an attribute, either predicated or assumed, to the noun to which belongs; it not only gives emphasis, but expresses the idea of capacity fice; as, "He was employed as clerk ;" "The fruit was considered as good "He offered himself as printer;" "I do not respect your rules as such, "What is a pronoun as distinguished from a noun ?"

C. Than, or as, when used to show comparison, instead of connectin words only, generally introduces an elliptical clause, which becomes so account of the similarity of its construction to that of the principal clause as, "He is more nice than wise," that is, "than he is wise." "He is as ok as his cousin," that is, "as his cousin is old." Sometimes the subsequen term is not only elliptical, but abridged; as, "The patient is so well as to si up," that is, "so well as that he can sit up." "The boy knows better thas to disobey (132, 7).

=

7. As, following an adjective, and sometimes a noun, and without a cor relative, gives an adversative signification to the subordinate clause; as "Defenceless as we were, we still maintained our ground”: Though we were defenceless, &c. That or as, after a noun, has a similar construction to denote concession; as, "Fool that [or as] I was, I entered the army.”

8. Subordinate connectives are a kind of preposition placed before a sen tence which is to be converted into a noun, adjective, or adverb. Hence, their position is almost invariably at the head of the clause.

CAUTION. In using a noun or pronoun in an elliptical clause, following THAN or AS, avoid both ambiguity and an incorrect construction. Say, My brother is older than I,-not, than me.

NOTE.-There is danger of ambiguity only when two different cases occur in the preceding clause; as, "Lovest thou me more than these ?" that is "more than these love me," or, "more than thou lovest these."

227. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the connectives:

While there is life, there is hope. However friendly he might appear, his heart was full of anger. Whether the moon has an atmosphere, has not been ascertained. He that plants trees, loves others beside himself. What comes from the heart goes to the heart. Time will bring to light whatever is hidden. The more we serve God, the better we serve our selves. As far as the eye could see, all was ruin and desolation. Work

Than and as. As, denoting capacity or office. Than, or as, showing comparison. As, adversative. That, or as, denoting concession.

ng as you can. The more one has, the more he requires. Revenge ys costs more than it is worth. That you may be loved, be deserving

ve.

[ODEL I. "If we draw within the circle of our contemplation mothers of a civilized nation, what do we see?"— Webster.

is is a complex interrogative sentence, consisting of a principal a subordinate clause.

We" is the subject of the principal clause, and "do see" is the simpredicate. "Do see" is limited by the interrogative

66 'what," and

le conditional clause "If we draw," &c. If" is a subordinate connective, and joins the subordinate clause, h it introduces, to the predicate of the principal clause. These eles are dissimilar in rank, in meaning, and in form; they are coned by Rule XV

Repeat it.

[ODEL II. "As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the 1, so walk ye in him."

Therefore,” in this complex sentence, is a coördinate conjunction, ing the whole sentence as an inference, to a preceding sentence. 4s" is a subordinate connective, having, as its correlative, the ad"so" in the principal clause. It joins the subordinate clause, “As ave therefore received," &c., to "walk." Rule XV.

Construct examples in which any of the RELATIVE PRONOUNS shall join ctive clauses (143, 17),—others in which THAT, THAT NOT, or any of the rogatives shall join substantive clauses (143, 16),—and still others in h any of the connectives in (143, 18) shall join adverbial clauses.

Correct, by the Caution, the following examples:

ho can write better than him? Whom does he honor more than I? ow James better than him. The lion can devour a sheep as well as lf.

228. The Infinitive.

. RULE XVI. The infinitive has the construction of the noun, a the signification and limitations of the verb, and, when dedent, is governed by the word which it limits; as, "To err is nan;""They desire to travel in a foreign country;” “He hes to obtain a treatise on the deposition of dew."

7.) After the active voice of bid, dare, let, need, make, see, behold, hear, feel, and some others, the ro of the infinitive is omitted; as, "I saw do it ;""They let him go."

Models. The infinitive after bid, dare, have, &c.

2. The infinitive is properly the simple name of the verb; and, as such, ras originally used without a preposition, as subject or object, in a proposition. Of these uses, we have the form of one only remaining, namely, that of object after the auxiliaries (111, 4); as, "Shall write,” “will read,” “ do love,” ka But here the principal verb has lost its original character,-has become an auxiliary, a mere index of time and mode, and the infinitive is changed from object to attribute.

3. The infinitive, as now recognized in the language, is the dative case of the ancient infinitive; or the simple infinitive with the preposition to prefixed The two words are so united as to be regarded as an inseparable phrases "To live is Christ, and to die is gain."

4. The infinitive may be used with or without a subject (184, II., 1, 2); 25 "We wish you to stay." "We wish to stay."

5. The infinitive may have a subject in the objective, when it subject has not already been expressed in the sentence; as, “They ordered him to leave."

(a.) The infinitive of the copula may also have a predicate objective as, "I knew him to be a preacher."

(b.) The infinitive, and its subject, may be the subject of a proposi tion; the phrase must then be introduced by for; as, "For you to decem is criminal." "For him to be a scholar is impossible."

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(c.) The infinitive and its subject may be made the object of a trant tive verb, or of the preposition for; as, "He ordered the horse to be hat nessed." "" 'They considered him [to be] a traitor." They appointe him [to be] chairman." They ordered some water for the boy to drk 6. When the subject has already been expressed, the infinitiv is used without its subject, and may be

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(a.) The subject of a proposition; as, "To retaliate is censurable." (b.) The attribute of a proposition without the sign to (111, 4); § "I do love;""They may learn."

(c.) The attribute of a proposition with to prefixed; as, "To obey to enjoy."

NOTE. When the infinitive is thus used, it denotes (1.) An equivalent ter as, "To pray is to supplicate." (2.) What is possible or obligatory; as, “I passage is to be found." "Our duty is to be done." (3.) What is settled determined upon; as, "The work is to commence to-morrow."

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(d.) The object of a transitive verb, a preposition, or it may be us to complete the meaning of some intransitive verbs; as, "He wishes "They are about to go." She went to weep."

remain."

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(e.) An adjective element or noun in apposition, limiting another now

1

The name of the verb. The dative case. Used with or without the subje Subject objective. Predicate objective. The subject of a proposition. Ob of a proposition. The attribute of a proposition. The object of a transiti verb. An adjective element.

"Time to come." stay."

"A desire to go." "A hope to recover.' "A wish

f) An adverbial element used to denote purpose, or motive; as, “What at ye out to see?"

NOTE. In this use the infinitive is sometimes said, though not properly, to absolute; "To confess the truth, I was in fault" That may confess the

h, I was in fault."

g.) To denote a result, after too, than, so—as; as, "He is too proud beg." "He is wiser than to attempt such an enterprise." to hear me."

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Be so good

. The preposition for should never be used before the infinitive employed xpress motive or purpose; also, the sign to should not be used at the close 1 sentence; as, "He went to see," not "for to see." "He spoke, or inded to speak," not, "intended to."

. The infinitive is often understood; as, "They considered him [to be] ight."

229. Exercise.

.. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the infinitives :—

I have brought a book for you to read. Johnson declared wit to contin finding out resemblances. These passages prove that materialists 1 sometimes find Hume to be a very dangerous ally. For him to ert and deny the same sentiment on different pages, is proof of the tability of his opinions. It was well for him to die at his post, with armor on. I heard him repeat whole pages of poetry. Few things e more destructive to the best interests of society than the prevalent t mistaken notion that it requires a vast deal of talent to be a sucsful knave. It is a disgrace to be the author of such a report. To ke away the benevolent affections from the moral world, would be like tinguishing the sun from the natural I love to roam over the green ids. He seems to think the rule inapplicable to his case. They apar to rest upon the solid earth. A desire to see his face once more luced us to attempt the journey. The work is to be commenced toorrow. To be good is to be happy. They remained to see what was be done. He was too feeble to write a letter. Will you be so good to pass me that book?

MODEL I. “To see the sun is pleasant."

This is a simple sentence.

"To see" is the simple, and "to see the sun" is the complex subject. To see" is limited by "the sun," a complex objective element of the st class. Here, though "to see" has the construction of a noun, that

An adverbial element denoting purpose, result. Models.

is, is in the nominative, it has the limitation of the verb, according t Rule XV.

"To see" is an irregular transitive verb, infinitive mode, presen tense, and is used as a noun of the third pers., sing., neut., nom., shi is made the supject of the proposition. Rule XV.

MODEL II. "I have heard say of thee, that thou canst unda stand a dream to interpret it."-Bible.

This complex sentence has an infinitive in each clause.

"Say" is an irregular transitive verb, having "of thee" for an ind rect, and the subordinate clause for a direct object; infinitive mo present tense, and, with its objective subject (men understood), fort the object of "have heard." Rule XV. See also (5, c.). It is put the infinitive without the sign to, by Rule XV., a.

"To interpret" is a regular transitive verb, infinitive mode, presez tense, and is used to limit "canst understand" as its object, by Rule X By an ancient idiom, its proper object is made the object of the princi verb, and is then pleonastically represented by "it." In modern sty it would be, "understand how to interpret a dream," or "understand dream so as to interpret it."

2. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the uses of the infinitive.

230. Participles.

1. RULE XVII. Participles have the construction of adject and nouns, and are limited like verbs; as, “He, stooping dow and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in "A habit of sincerity in acknowledging faults is a guard again committing them."

2. The participle used as an adjective assumes of its subje what the verb asserts; as, "Hyacinths blooming." "Hyacinth bloom."

(a.) When the participle is used wholly as an adjective (184, I., a.). is called a participial adjective, and is placed before the noun; as, “T rising sun." The roaring billows."

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(b.) When the participle is used like an adjective, having the san signification and limitations as the verb, the participle, with the wor which limit it, is then called the participial construction; as, "Encoura by this magnificent invitation, the inhabitants of the globe considered lab as their only friend."

Participles. Used to assume an act. Used wholly as an adjective. Us as an adjective, with the limitations of the verb.