EXAMPLES." Hope and fear, pleasure and pain, diversify our lives;" "Virtue or vice predominates in every man and woman.”

4. The terms of a coördinate couplet should be separated,—

(a.) When the conjunction is omitted.

(b.) When the terms are identical or equivalent.

(c.) When the terms are contrasted or emphatically distinguished.

(d.) When either term is limited by an element not applicable to the other or is more extended than the other.

(e.) When both are limited, and thus considerably extended.

EXAMPLES-(a.) "The sweetest, wildest land on earth." (b.)" Rise, ris, ye wild tempests;" "Verily, verily, I say unto you;" "We sailed into an inlet, or bay." (c.) "'Tis certain he could write, and cipher too." "The fellow was wicked, not weak." (See 244, 4, d.). (d.) “Undue susceptibility, and the preponderance of mere feeling over thoughtfulness, may mislead us.” (e.) In tegrity of understanding, and nicety of discernment, were not allotted in a less proportion to Dryden than to Pope."

NOTE. Contrasted words, having a common dependence, and not emphatically distinguished, should not be separated; as, "He led an easy but useles life." Not so with contrasted phrases; as, "It was not the result of a hasty, but of a deliberate, judgment."

5. The terms of a coördinate series, whether simple, complex, or compound, should be separated by the comma.

EXAMPLES." In pronouncing the words lilies, roses, tulips, pinks, jonquile, we see the things themselves, and seem to taste their beauty and sweetness;" "The good man is alive to all the sympathies, the sanctions, and the loves of social existence;" "Sink or swim, live or die, I give my hand and my heart to this vote."

"Castles and villas, titles, vassals, land,

Coaches and curricles, and fours-in-hand.”

6. The final term of a couplet or series is generally not separated from the term grammatically dependent upon it, except,—

(a.) When the conjunction is omitted.

(b.) When the terms are considerably complex.

(c.) When the meaning is made clearer by the point. (See 244, 2, b.).

EXAMPLES.- -"Capture, demolish, and burn their cities." (a.) "Capture, demolish, burn, their cities." (b.) "Ingratitude for favors, undue regard for self, and forgetfulness of others, are marks of a weak and sordid mind."

NOTE. By some, yet erroneously, the last noun of a compound subject, is separated from the verb, even when the conjunction is used; as, "Homer, Virgil, and Horace, were the most renowned of the ancient poets."

7. When the terms of a couplet or a series consist of coördinate clauses, whether the propositions themselves are principal or subordinate, a

Rule for series. Exceptions. Coördinate clauses.

mma should separate them, except as in (249, 1, a., b.); as, "That their etry is almost uniformly mournful, and that their views of nature re dark and dreary, will be allowed by all who admit the authenticity Ossian;" "I was hungry, and ye gave me no meat."

243. Exercise.

1. Explain by (242, 3) why the following couplets are not separated:Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of

prayer. s bitter and scoffing speech had inflicted keener wounds than his amion. The powers of their mind seem to be parched up and withered the public gaze. In his letters and conversation he alluded to the eatest potentates. He acted neither wisely nor prudently. Either u or I must go.

d us.

2. Explain the punctuation of the following by (242, 3, a. b. c., &c.). Liberal, not lavish, is nature's hand. We often commend, as well as nsure, imprudently. He can eat, and sleep too. None, but thou, can For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel. iblic charities, and benevolent associations, for the gratuitous relief every species of distress, are peculiar to Christianity. Powerful iends, and first-rate connections, often assist a man's rise, and conibute to his promotion. Illustrious men have often lived unrewarded, nd died unlamented. Blow, blow, thou winter wind. Freeze, freeze, ou bitter sky. A comma is a point, or mark. Dear, gentle, patient, oble Nell was dead. The deaf, the blind, the lame, and the palsied ere there. Decrepid age, and vigorous life, and blooming youth, and elpless infancy poured forth to gather round her tomb. She plans,

ovides, expatiates, triumphs there. The rich and the poor, the high ad the low, the learned and the unlearned, have access alike to this untain of peace. The air, the earth, the water, teem with delighted istence. Children climb the green mound of the rampart, and ivy olds together the half-demolished buttress:

When riseth Lacedæmon's hardihood,

When Thebes Epaminondas rears again,

When Athens' children are with arts endued,
When Grecian mothers shall give birth to men,

Then thou may'st be restored :-but not till then.

"Blessing, honor, glory, might,

Are the Conqueror's native right;

Thrones and powers before him fall—
Lamb of God, and Lord of all!"

Exercises.

244. Principal and Subordinate Elements.

1. A subordinate element generally, whether a word, a phrase, or clause, is not separated from the principal element to which it belon when used restrictively, or when the connection is close; as, “He t hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down;” “T kings of the earth set themselves;" "The precise period when (202, 2 the discovery was made, is not known."

2 The adjective element should be pointed off in the following cases,

(a.) When an adjective clause, either full, or in its equivalent abridged for is explanatory (202, 13); as, “We venerate the name of Washington, « was styled the father of his country;" "Passion is like a whirlwind, pr trating indiscriminately whatever comes in its way." In this case, two comm (241, 3) are used when the clause comes within the sentence before the pre

cate.

(b.) When the antecedent is a coördinate series (242, 1), even a restricti clause is pointed off, to show that the relative belongs equally to each of terms; as, The oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid, which unite to form i atmosphere, are mingled in unequal proportions."

(c.) The noun in apposition may be considered as derived from an adj tive clause containing a predicate noun, and is always to be pointed off wh it is explanatory (208, 3); as, "Moses, the servant of the Lord, died there the land of Moab;" "I have killed the king, my husband.”

(d.) A noun in apposition, when used restrictively, or when with a percor pronoun, or another noun, it forms a close combination, is not pointed o

as,

King John;" "General Gates;" "Ye winds;” “ Gladding brothers yet, when two closely combined names are inverted, the comma is used; "Lincoln, Levi," "Harrison, William Henry.”

(e.) A noun in apposition, if modified by phrases or clauses, is usua pointed off; as, "Theodore, the hermit of Teneriffe."

(f.) A noun in apposition, or an adjective or participial phrase equivale to a subordinate clause, when employed to introduce a sentence, is pointed o "A professed Catholic, he imprisoned the Pope;" "Cradled in the can Napoleon was the darling of his army."

as,

3. The objective element, whether a word, phrase, or clause, is close connected to the verb on which it depends, and, unless transpose should not be pointed off; as, “The ox knoweth his owner;” “Th long to see that day," "I know not what we can do," "The impendi storm which threatened us, we all escaped."

(a.) Though, as a general rule, inverted and loosely connected phrases clauses should not intervene between the object and its governing verb, wh such cases do occur, commas should separate them from the verb and its objec as, "He wishes, in fine, to join his companions;" "He has bought, as I c told, a large tract of uncultivated land."

Subordinate elements not pointed off. The adjective element, when point off, when not. The objective element, when pointed off, when not.

When an objective clause is a direct quotation (170), and is separated e principal clause, the latter should be pointed off by two commas,wise by one; as, "For all that," said the pendulum, "it is very dark "I say unto all, Watch."

The double object of a copulative verb should not be separated when the has the emphasis, or when they are equally emphatic; as, "They called John;" They called Miles a carpenter." But when the emphasis falls gly on the second, it should be pointed off; as, "And they called Bars, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius.”

The adverbial element is often more loosely connected than either adjective or the objective, and is, consequently, more frequently sposed; yet, when arranged in its natural order, whether it be a 1, phrase, or clause, or when closely connected, it should not be ted off; as, "Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth; and let not thine t be glad when he stumbleth;" "On the summit of the mountain the air ›ol and refreshing;" "The child was treated kindly.”

.) All loosely connected adverbial expressions, whether words, phrases, or ses, and especially such adverbial and conjunctive words and phrases as n, now, then, however, therefore, too, besides, further, once more, in fine, in ral, on the contrary, without doubt, as it seems to me, and the like, should ointed off (248 and 241, 3); as, "On the contrary, the truth lies here." .) Phrases and clauses, which, in the natural order, would be so closely ected as to need no point, are usually pointed off when inverted, and ys when the meaning would be doubtful without a point; as, "But to ian, thou lookest in vain ;" "When thou goest, thy steps shall not be strait1." In the case of inverted phrases, which commence a sentence, the point ften omitted; as, "On the third day Burke rose.”—Macaulay.

c.) Adverbial clauses, especially when long, and always if loosely conted, are pointed off, wherever placed. These are generally such as denote dition, purpose, concession, cause, time, or place; as, "Kiss the Son, lest he angry, and ye perish."

d.) When a subordinate element is connected by means of correlatives, it is sely united, and, therefore, not generally pointed off, especially when than or so—that, or such—that, are used; but is used more or less by way of const in all other cases, and, hence, pointed off; as, "Never take more food n is conducive to health;" "Though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou ver be found again;" "Though deep, yet clear."

245. Exercise.

In the following examples, point out the principal and the subordinate ements; and show why the comma is, or is not, used according to 44, 1, 2, 3, 4) :

He that covereth his sins shall not prosper; but whoso confesseth and rsaketh them shall have mercy. The wicked flee when no man pur

The adverbial element, when pointed off, when not.

sueth. Some have wondered how it happens that those who have shon conspicuously at the bar should have been eclipsed in the senate. E had faults unknown to all but his most intimate friends (2, a. b. c.). Me of strong minds, who think for themselves, should not be discourage on finding occasionally that some of their best ideas have been antie pated by former writers. There are many good-natured fellows wi have paid the forfeit of their lives to their love of bantering and railler The oranges, lemons, and figs, which grow in the northern range of th Southern States, are of an inferior quality. No thought can be jus of which good sense is not the ground-work. I therefore, the prison of the Lord, beseech you. Thus saith the Lord, your Redeemer, th Holy One of Israel, I am the Lord, your God. General Howe con manded the British forces. Otis, James A. O ye laurels! He calle the name of that place Bethel. statesman, died at Marshfield.

M

Daniel Webster, the great America I at first believed that all these objec existed within me. And cried, "I've caught you then at last.” dear Edward," said he, "this is truly kind." Fortunately for him, little below this place was an island. The beginning of strife is a when one letteth out water. If one burden can be borne, so ca another and another. I am willing, for the general satisfaction, t assign my reasons.

246. The Principal Elements.

1. Except when the complex subject is very long, no comma is required between it and the predicate; as, "He who master his passions conquers his greatest enemy."

2. It can scarcely be called an exception to this rule, that a point shoul be placed before the predicate, when preceded by a phrase pointed off by (244, 4, a.); as, "The most delicious fruits, generally speaking, are found in tropical climates." So, again by (242, 6, a.) a comma should be placed befor the predicate; as, Patience, meekness, humility, are among the nobles

Christian virtues."

3. When the logical subject ends with a verb, or when, without a comma the meaning might be doubtful, a comma should be placed before the predi cate; as, "Whatever is, is right."

4. When the attribute is a clause, a comma should be placed between it and the copula; as, "The reason is, that the proposition itself is preposterous."

247. Exercise.

` Show by (246, 1, 2, 3, 4) why the comma is used or omitted in the following examples:

The fate of a brave people was to be decided. Each of the negotia

No point between the subject and predicate. Exceptions.