Ceard; as, feast, poorly; otherwise they separate into two syllables; as, li-on, u-erile, coöperate.

(b.) When the two vowels are the same, the separation is often indicated y a diæresis (·); as, preëmption, coördinate.

2. RULE II. The consonants, singly or combined (13.), are ither prefixed or affixed to the vowels (13, 3, b, c, d), which hey modify.

(a.) PRIMITIVE WORDS.(1) A single consonant between two vowels is joined o the latter when the former is long (4); as, pa-per, la-dy, ci-pher; otherwise, t should be joined to the former; as, lep-er, ep-ic, ech-o.

NOTE. The combinations, th, ch, tch, ph, gh, sh, ng, wh, should be regarded is single consonants (11, 3), since they represent only one elementary sound, and are never separated when thus used.

(2.) Two consonants between two vowels are separated, except when a mute, and either of the liquids or r, follow a long vowel; as, cas-ter, dam-per, ap-ple, am-ber; peo-ple, a-cre, tri-fle.

(3.) When three consonants come between two vowels, the last, or the last two-when they are a mute, and either of the liquids or r,—must be joined to the latter; as, emp-ty, am-ple, strug-gle.

(b.) DERIVATIVE words. The prefix should be separated from the radical in all cases, except as in Rule II. (1); and the suffix always when it forms a syllable; as, pre-fix, suf-fix; but pref-ace, not pre-face; good-ness, tru-ly. (c.) COMPOUND words. Compound words are separated into the primitive or derivative words which compose them, and these are divided by the preceding rules.

CAUTION. In writing, never divide a syllable at the end of a line.

ETYMOLOGY.

32. Definitions.

1. ETYMOLOGY treats of the classification, derivation, and various modifications of words.

2. A word is the sign of an idea, and is either spoken or written.

Syllabication, Rule II. Primitive, derivative, and compound words. Caution. Etymology.

33. Classes of Words.

1. According to their meaning and use, all words are divide into eight classes, called Parts of Speech.

2. All words are divided according to the number of syllables they con tain, into monosyllables, dissyllables, trisyllables, and polysyllables. (18.) 3. Words are divided according to their formation, into primitive, d. rivative, and compound. (20.)

4. A primitive word is always a simple word.

5. Words which vary their forms in construction are called declinable Those which do not vary them are indeclinable.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

34. Parts of Speech Defined.

1. In English, there are eight parts of speech-the Noun the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adverb, the Preposi tion, the Conjunction, and the Interjection.

2. A noun is the name of an object; as, fruit, Henry, Boston. (a.) The noun (from the Latin "nomen," a name) embraces a large number of words. All words which are the names of persons, animals, places, or things, material or immaterial, are called nouns.

3. An adjective is a word used to limit or qualify a noun; as, good, faithful, this, some.

(a.) The adjective (from the Latin " adjectus," added to, i. e., to a noun) embraces a large class of words, which are added to nouns to express their qualities, or to define them; as, "worthy citizens;" "this book." Those words which are united to nouns answering such questions, as What? What kind? How many? are adjectives.

4. A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun; as, I, he, you, who.

(.) This part of speech (derived from the Latin "pro," for, and " nomen," a name) embraces but a small number of different words; yet any noun may be represented by a pronoun. It will be seen that these three parts of specel h are intimately connected: the first is the name of an object; the second expresses the properties of an object; the third may take the place of the

first.

5. A verb is a word which expresses being, action, or state; as, be, read, sleep, is loved.

(a.) Nothing can be affirmed without a verb. It is derived from the Latin

Parts of speech. Noun. Adjective. Pronoun. Verb.

verbum," the word, i. e., the important word; it embraces a large class of The different uses of the verb, as well as those of the other parts of eech, will be explained hereafter.

rds.

6. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, jective, participle, or another adverb; as, quickly, first, far. (a.) The adverb (from the Latin "ad" and "verbum," added to a verb) abraces all those words which are added to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, denote time, place, manner, &c.

7. A preposition is a word used to show the relation between a oun or pronoun and some other word; as, from, upon, on, with. (a.) This part of speech includes a small list of words, which are used to note the relations of place, time, cause, manner, property, quality, &c. It is lled a preposition (from the Latin "præ," before, and "positio," a placing, placing before) from the circumstance of its being placed before the object ith which it is always associated.

8. A conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, or the arts of sentences; as, and, but, or.

(a.) The conjunction includes but a small number of words, which are used o join the parts of a sentence; it is derived from the Latin "conjunctus," oined together.

9. The interjection is used to express some strong or sudden motion of the mind; as, O! alas!

(a.) The term interjection (from the Latin "interjectus," thrown between) s applied to a few words that do not enter into the structure of a sentence, but may be thrown in at pleasure, to express our feelings.

NOUNS.

35. Definition and Distinctions.

1. A noun is the name of an object; as, house, tree, Boston, goodness.

2. The word object, as here used, should be carefully distinguished from the same term employed in Syntax, to denote the complement of the transitive verb. It here denotes every species of existence, material or immaterial, which may be considered independently or alone; and is opposed to the term attribute, which always represents something dependent upon, belonging to, or inherent in an object.

3. It will be perceived that the idea of substance or independent existence is the basis of the distinction between the noun and the adjective; yet it must be remembered that nouns or adjectives are mere

Adverb. Preposition. Conjunction. Interjection. Noun defined. Object. Attribute.

words, so called, because the one denotes a substance, or an object, an the other an attribute.

4. It will be seen, moreover, that an attribute, when regarded as an in lependent existence, that is, when abstracted from the object to which i: belongs, becomes an object of itself. The name of such an attribute is a noun, and is usually derived from the word denoting the attribute as, good, good-ness, bright, bright-ness.

5. Whenever a word, syllable, letter, or symbol of any kind is spoke of as an object, it must be regarded as a noun; as, We is a persona pronoun." Un is a prefix." " is a vowel." addition." ", is a comma.'

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is the sign of

6. So, again, when a phrase, or a clause of a sentence, is used t denote an object, it becomes a noun; as, That you have wronged me doth appear in this."

To see the sun is pleasant.

7. The noun is often called a substantive. All phrases or clauses, whe used as nouns, and even pronouns, are called substantives.

36. Proper and Common Nouns.

1. Nouns are divided into two classes-proper and common. 2. A proper noun is the name of an individual object; as James, Erie.

3. A common noun is a name which applies to each individual of a class of objects; as, man, boy, house.

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4. As a proper noun denotes simply an individual by itself, wheneve it is made to represent an individual as belonging to a class, it become a common noun; as, He is the Cicero of his age," i. e., a distinguishe orator. Still, when the same name, as Thomas, happens to be given t several persons, but to each individually, it is as truly a proper name as though it had been given to one alone.

5. Common nouns, on the contrary, may become proper, when, by personification, or special use, the object named is regarded as an ind vidual, not belonging to a class; as, "O Justice, thou art fled to brutish beasts, and men have lost their reason." "The Common." Park." (See Introduction, Lesson XV.)

The

6. Under the head of common nouns are commonly reckoned collective, abstract, and verbal nouns.

7. A collective noun is one which, in the singular, denotes more than one object; as, army, family, flock.

8. An abstract noun is the name of a quality or an action, considered

An abstract attribute. Symbols and letters used as objects. Substantive. Nouns, proper and common. Collective and abstract nouns.

part from the object to which it belongs; as, goodness, virtue, wisdom,

Lovement.

9. A verbal noun is a participle used as a noun; as, "He was convicted f stealing."

10. The infinitive is a kind of verbal noun; as, "To see the sun is leasant."

37. Exercise.

1. Tell which of the following words designate objects and which properties; ren select the nouns :

Horse, old, good, peach, vine, heavy, hard, strong, hill, star, empty, cean, hilly, wright, William, European, engine, road, stile, rose, upright, moke, balloon, oyster, sea, chariot, wild, hungry.

2. Select the nouns from the following sentence:

As soon as the sun was seen coming over the hills, the farmer aroused he laborers from slumber, who, with their scythes on their shoulders, nd pitchforks in their hands, marched gayly to the field to begin the abors of the day.

3. Tell which of the following nouns are common, and which are proper :Posterity, virtue, Rome, tea, Nero, Cicero, Germary, Paris, pomp, sunshine, meadow, Pekin, gulf, Medici, astronomy, Darius, father, calico, London, dungeon, district, Japan.

4. Tell which of the following common nouns are abstract, which are colJective, which are verbal:

Army, tasting, goodness, heat, harmless, rising, sailing, wisdom, flock, wonder, teaching, energy, frankness, freedom, multitude, teething, shutting, dulness, company.

5. Change the following names of properties into abstract nouns :— Good, cheerful, diligent, rapid, dark, strong, heavy, lovely, brilliant, beautiful, flaming, brave, swift, solid, easy. Thus, good ness.

6. Write the names of fifteen objects in this room. Select all the nouns from page in your Reader. (Let the teacher assign the page.)

7. Fill the blanks in the following examples with nouns of your own selection::

is short.

are strong.

is the king of beasts. was a tyrant.

was the father

mourned for Absalom.

were overthrown in the shine at night.

Verbal nouns.