58. Exercise.

1. Point out the articles in the following examples; tell which are definite d which are indefinite :

The hat, a book, a knife, a box, an heir, an ox, a plough, an orchard, a industrious man, an honest man, a good citizen, a hill, a huge round one, the enemy, the union, the ewe, a university.

59. Pronominal Adjectives.

1. Those limiting adjectives which may, without the use of the rticle, represent a noun when understood, are called pronomital adjectives; as, "That (book) is his; this is yours."

2. The principal pronominal adjectives are, this, that, these, hose, former, latter, which, what, each, every, either, neither, some, me, none, any, all, such, much, both, few, fewer, fewest, first, last, little, less, least, many, more, most, own, same, several, sundry, enough.

3. When such adjectives represent a noun understood, they are generally called pronouns. They may more properly be called limiting adjectives (pronominal adjectives), used as nouns; as, "This is my book." The articles never represent a noun understood.

4. Qualifying adjectives may also represent a noun when understood, but the article must be prefixed; as, "The good are happy."

5. All is sometimes a noun; as, "He robbed me of my house, my goods, my home, my all." Both is frequently a conjunction; as, “I both saw and heard him."

6. Each, every, either, neither, are used distributively. This and that, with their plurals, these and those, are used demonstratively. None, any, all, such, whole, some, both, one, other, another, are used indefinitely.

7. These, those, all, many, both, few, fewer, fewest, several, sundry, usually require a noun in the plural; as, These days; "Those plants."

8. Either and neither are used with reference to two things only. When more than two objects are referred to, any and none should be used. 9. One and other are declined thus:

Pronominal adjectives used as nouns. Qualifying adjectives used as nouns. All and both. Each, every, &c. This, that. None, any, &c. Either and Neither. One and other declined.

60. Exercise.

1. Point out the pronominal adjectives in the following sentences:— This rule is preferable to that. These scholars are more studious than those. The former plan has yielded to the latter. Each exercise was well written. Every accused one was acquitted. The first method is better than the last. Many of our hopes are blasted. Few men are of the same mind. Much remains to be said upon all these points. Our own wishes must often be yielded to those of others. More were present than were expected. Little hope was entertained of his recovery. Neither remark was just. The same course was pursued by several of the members. Much harm arises from imprudence. "Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints."

61. Numeral Adjectives.

1. Numeral adjectives are those which express number; as, one, two, three, first, second, &c.

2. Numeral adjectives are divided into, Cardinal, which denote how many; as, one, two, three, &c.; Ordinal, which show which one of a series; as, first, second, third; multiplicative, which show repetition; as, twice, or twofold, thrice, or threefold, &c.

3. When a numeral is used as a noun, the cardinal, like the pronominal adjective, takes no article; while the ordinal has the article prefixed; as, "Two only were present;" "The third was lost."

62. Exercise.

1. Apply cardinal numbers to the following nouns; change them to the plural, if necessary:—

Peach, berry, box, match, cork, shoe, penny, mouse, goose, woman, court-martial, tooth, brother-in-law, handfuls, stratum, index, stamen, cherub, phenomenon.

2. Correct the following plurals, and apply to each any numeral greater than one or first:

Oxes, calfs, sheeps, deers, geeses, 9s, 7s, fs, cherubims, seraphims, swines, vallies, loafs, chimnies, journies, studys, commander-in-chiefs, heros, soloes, grottoes, ladys.

63. Qualifying Adjectives.

1. A qualifying adjective is one which limits the meaning of a Classes of numerals. Qualifying adjectives.

Numerals.

oun, by denoting some property or quality; as, "a virtuous nan;” “a running horse." To this class of adjectives belong he participles, which have the signification of the verb and the onstruction of the adjective.

2. When the participle is placed before the noun which it modifies, it s called a participial adjective; as, "The rising sun.' When it is placed fter the noun, and is itself limited by other words, it is parsed as a articiple; as, "The sun rising in the east."

3. When a qualifying adjective represents an object understood, either lefinite or indefinite, the article the must be placed before it; as, "The vise [persons]; the benevolent [ones]; the beautiful, the good, and the rue." When the quality is used abstractly, the adjective undergoes a change in its termination; as, Wise, wisdom; beautiful, beauty.

64. Comparison of Adjectives.

1. When different objects are compared with each other, the djective expressing the quality by means of which they are compared, undergoes a change, called comparison.

2. There are three degrees of comparison-the positive, comparative, and superlative.

3. The positive simply denotes a quality without comparison; is, righteous, pleasant.

4. The comparative shows that one of two contrasted objects possesses a quality in a higher degree than the other; as, "This tree is taller than that."

5. The superlative shows that one of several objects referred to, possesses a quality in the highest degree, when compared with all the rest; as, "That pine is the tallest tree in the grove."

6. The comparative and superlative degrees are not used, as many suppose, to express increase or diminution of the quality denoted by the positive.

7. The comparative degree implies that two objects are considered together with respect to a quality common to both, and it shows that one possesses more or less of that quality than the other. In either case, by itself alone, the quality would be put in the positive. Thus, A is large, and B is large; but A is larger than B, or A is the larger of

Participial adjectives. Qualifying adjectives with noun understood. Degrees of comparison,-positive-comparative-superlative.

the two. When the two compared objects possess the quality in equal degrees, the comparison is expressed by as-as thus; A is as large as b. 8. The superlative degree implies that several (sometimes only twoi objects are considered together with respect to a common quality, and that one, or one set exceeds all the others with which it is compared, in respect to that quality; yet when spoken of without comparison, the quality would be in the positive. Thus, in a group of trees, one is tall, but when compared with the rest, it is the tallest of all.

65. Formation of the Comparative and Superlative.

1. The comparative of monosyllables is regularly formed by adding or er, and the superlative by adding st or est, to the positive; as, wise, wiser, wisest; bold, lolder, boldest.

2. The comparative of most adjectives of more than one syllable is formed by prefixing more or less, and the superlative by prefixing most or least, to the positive; as, industrious, more industrious, most industrious.

3. The following adjectives are compared irregularly: Good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; ill, worse, worst; little, less [or lesser], least; much, more, most; many, more, most; far, farther, farthest, farmost, farthermos'; near, nearer, nearest or next; late, later, latest or last; old, older or elder, oldest or eldest.

4. Adjectives terminating in ish indicate the possession of a quality in a lower degree than the positive; as, bluish, approaching in color to blue.

5. The meaning of the positive is also varied by the addition of such adverbs as somewhat, rather, slightly, a little, too, very, greatly, exceedingly, &c.; that of the comparative and superlative by such words as much, far, vastly, altogether, by far, &c.

6. Several adjectives in the superlative degree are formed by adding most to up, upper, nether, in, inner, hind, hinder, out (contracted to ut), outer, further, hither, top, bottom; as, upmost, uppermost, nethermost, &c.

7. Adjectives derived from proper names, numerals, pronominal adjectives, and such as refer to position, material, and form, are seldom, if ever, compared.

8. Many adjectives denoting place or situation, are deficient in some of the degrees; thus, further, furthermost or furthest, hither, hithermos!,

Comparatives and superlatives of monosyllables-of words of more than one syllable. Adjectives compared irregularly. Adjectives in ish. The positive varied by adverbs. Adjectives not compared. Deficient comparison.

her, nethermost, under, undermost, want the positive. Northern, northimost; rear, rearmost, and others, want the comparative.

66. Exercise.

1. Tell which of the following words are adjectives :--

Ice, cold, soft, water, this, little, chair, knob, arise, brave, diligent, kstand, lamp, many, former, light, white, match, rough.

2. Tell which of the following adjectives are limiting, and which are qualiping:

Strong, twenty, faithful, green, this, first, an, old, former, yellow, very, such, wonderful, timid, sweet, any, fifth, the, soft, those, pure, pe, tough.

3. Tell which of the following adjectives are of the positive, which of the mparative, and which of the superlative degree :—

Braver, more acceptable, eldest, less useful, worst, better, most onorable, strongest, sadder, more plentiful, least worthy, last, good.

4. Compare the following adjectives :

Bright, active, handsome, wise, sad, able, just, diligent, beautiful, good, excellent, dutiful, little, serene, fruitful, large, warm, lovely.

5. Apply limiting adjectives to five common nouns ; qualifying adjectives in The positive degree to five common nouns, of the masculine gender; qualifying adjectives, in the comparative degree, to five common nouns in the feminine gender; qualifying adjectives, in the superlative degree, to five nouns in the neuter gender, plural number.

67. Models for Parsing.

1. In parsing an adjective,

(1.) Tell what part of speech it is. Why?

(2.) Tell what kind of adjective. Why?

(3.) Compare it, and give the degree (if a qualifying adjective). (4.) Tell to what noun it belongs.

(5.) Give the rule.

2. "The faithful man will be rewarded.”

Faithful is an adjective; it is used to limit or qualify a noun; qualifying, -it denotes quality; compared; positive faithful, comparative more faithful, superlative most faithful; in the positive degree, and belongs to man, according to Rule V. "An adjective or a participle must belong to some noun or pronoun."

Models for parsing Adjectives.