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3. "Her house is larger than mine."

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Larger is an adjective (why?); qualifying (why?); compared; positive large, comparative larger, superlative largest; in the comparative degree; it shows that one of two objects has a higher degree of the quality than the other; and belongs to house, according to Rule V.

4. "She is worthy of the highest praise."

Worthy. is an adjective (why ?); qualifying (why?); compared, worthy, worthier, worthiest; positive degree, and belongs to she. Rule V

Highest. is an adjective (why?); qualifying (why?); compared; positive high, comparative higher, superlativo highest; in the superlativ degree; it shows the highest degree of the quality; and belongs to praise, according to Rule V.

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is a definite article (why ?), and as a limiting adjective it belongs to praise, according to Rule V.

5. "Three birds were killed."

Three . . is a numeral adjective (why?); limiting (why?); it belongs to birds, according to Rule V.

6. Give me this apple, and I will give you that."

This

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is a pronominal adjective, singular number (59, 6), and limits apple, according to Rule V.

That is a pronominal adjective; singular number, and is used to limit the noun apple, understood;;-or it is used as a noun, instead of apple, in the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case, and is the object of the verb give, according to Rule VIII.

7. "The kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force."

Violent. is an adjective; it belongs to persons, understood; or it is used

as a noun, of the third person, plural number, masculine gender, nominative case, and is the subject of the proposition "the violent take," according to Rule I.

3. Point out the ADJECTIVES in the following examples, and parse them according to the above forms :—

The passionate are like men standing on their heads; they see all things the wrong way.

Models for parsing Adjectives.

'here are two ways of arriving at the highest personal liberty; one o have few wants, and the other to have abundant means of satisfythem.

Jhining characters are not always the most agreeable.

dental pleasures never cloy; unlike those of the body, they are reased by repetition.

Stone walls do not a prison make,

Nor iron bars a cage.

Minds innocent and quiet take
That for a hermitage.

9. Parse the NOUNS and ADJECTIVES in the following examples :Rarely in public office,-he (Rufus Choate) was still a public man in e largest sense; all were proud of him. The old honored him, the ung loved him, and both old and young admired him.

How sweetly come the holy psalms
From saints and martyrs down,—
The waving of triumphal palms
Above the thorny crown!

The choral praise, the chanted prayers
From harps by angels strung,

The hunted Cameron's mountain airs,

The hymns that Luther sung!— Whittier.

PRONOUNS.

68. Definitions and Distinctions.

A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun; as, The farmer ploughs his field; he reaps his wheat, and gathers t into his barn."

1. The mere fact that a pronoun is employed instead of a noun, is by 10 means indicative of its principal use. A noun is used primarily to denote an object, and incidentally, to represent its relation of person, number, gender, or case. A pronoun, on the contrary, is used, primarily, to represent some relation of an object; and to do this, it must, of necessity, represent the object itself.

2. These relations which the pronoun represents, may be,

(a.) That of the object to the speaker; and as the object may be either the

A pronoun. Its primary use. The relation of an object (1.) to the speaker.

speaker himself, the one spoken to, or the one spoken of, there may be three of these relations, called the first, second, and third persons (39, 8. See also Introduction, Lesson XVIII.). Hence, to represent them, we have the pronouns I, thou, and he, she, it; and hence, too, the name personal.

(b.) That of the object to some modifying circumstance; as, "A fortress which stands on a hill is a conspicuous object." Here we employ the pronoun which, incidentally to denote the object fortress, but chiefly to show that the circumstance of its position is what renders it conspicuous. Hence the pronouns who, which, that, and what; and hence, too, the name relative.

(c.) That of an unknown object to the speaker as an inquirer; here, again. the object is incidentally represented by the pronoun (its name being unknown, and that for the special purpose of making it a subject of inquiry. Hence, we have Who? Which? and What? and the name interrogative.

3. The personal pronouns of the third person, and all the relative pronouns, are employed when an object is supposed to be not only known, but previously mentioned. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons, are used when the object is known (by its presence), but not (necessarily) previously mentioned. The interrogative pronouns are used when the object is neither known, nor has been previously mentioned.

4. The noun for which a pronoun stands is called the antecedent; as, "The world in which they are placed, opens with all its wonders upon their eyes." The antecedent may be a phrase or an entire proposition; as, "To believe the report, which is the thing you desire, would be offensive to one of the noblest of men." "The servant opened the window which was strictly forbidden." The term antecedent, however, means something more than the noun which the pronoun represents; it denotes the leading term of a relation, and implies a subsequent term. Hence it is more especially used in case of a relative pronoun, which is employed to show a relation between its antecedent noun, and some following circumstance (See 2. (b.) above).

5. The object represented by the personal pronouns of the first and second persons, is always supposed to be present, and, consequently the antecedent noun is seldom given; that of the third person is usually expressed. Sometimes, however, a personal or an interrogative pronoun is employed without an antecedent, and so limited by a relative and its clause, as to give to the whole the effect of a single name; as, "He who sways the minds of men by his eloquence," i. e., the orator, "exerts the highest human power." Who, that marks the fire still sparkling in each eye, but would deem their bosoms burned anew?" Sometimes the ante cedent pronoun, in such cases, is omitted, or included in the relative; as, "Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow," that is they who. "Who steals my purse steals trash," that is, he who.

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(2.) To some circumstance, (3.) to an inquirer. The pronouns used for an object known, mentioned, &c. Antecedent expressed or implied.

6. The pronoun stands not merely for a noun, but for a noun in its yntactical relation, and also as restricted by modifying words; as, We saw the little deformed boy who watched at the gate, and pitied im," i. c., the little deformed boy who watched at the gate.

7. The antecedent, as the term indicates, is something going before; out as an interrogative pronoun inquires for an object as yet unknown, he antecedent cannot be a preceding noun. The pronoun, therefore, nust agree in person, number, and gender, not necessarily with the noun in the answer-the subsequent,-but with a noun which the speaker conceived to be the name of the object (however erroneous it might be) when he uttered the question; as, "Who is there?" Ans. "A horse." Here who evidently refers to person, being equivalent to what person. It would have been what, had the speaker known the character of the >bject inquired for.

69. Classes of Pronouns.

1. Pronouns are divided into three classes,-personal, relative, and interrogative.

2. To these classes some grammarians add adjective pronouns. It is true that certain limiting adjectives may take the place of nouns; as, this, that, these, those, each, all, &c. So, any qualifying adjective, preceded by an article, may stand for a noun in the same way; as, The good, the wise, the prudent; but a noun, in both cases, is properly understood. Hence they should be disposed of alike, that is, as adjectives

used as nouns.

3. To pronouns, like nouns, belong Person, Number, Gender, and Case.

70. Personal Pronouns.

1. A personal pronoun is used both to represent a noun, and to show whether it is of the first, second, or third person.

2. I (plural we) is of the first person; thou (plural ye or you) is of the second person; he, she, and it (plural they) are of the third person, masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.

3. The personal pronouns of the first and second person represent the speaker or the hearer. The gender is supposed to be known, and is not

Pronouns classified. Properties of pronouns. Personal pronouns-1st, 2d, 3d persons.

indicated by the form of the pronoun, while that of the third person is represented by one of the forms, k2, she, or it.

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4. It is often used in a vague sense, as the subject of verbs descrip tive of the weather; as, "It rains." "It thunders." It is used as an expletive, (1.) as the object of a verb; as, Come and trip it as you go;" (2.) to introduce a sentence whose subject is placed after the pre dicate. "I is pleasant to see the sun." It has been ascertained, tha water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen." It is used as subject to repre sent a noun or pronoun as attribute, of any number, gender, or person; as, "It is I." "It is they." "It is James." "It is she."

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5. Formerly, thou was used in addressing a single individual, and a corresponding form of the verb was used; as, "Thou singest;" but gradually you has come to take its place, till the use of thou, except in the solemn style, is now wholly discontinued. You, therefore, is both singular and plural in its application, but the verb does not change its form; it invariably takes the plural form; as, "You (meaning one write," not writest.

6. The compound personal pronouns are, first person, myself (plural ourselves); second person, thyself (plural yourselves); thirl person (masculine) himself, (feminine) herself, (neuter) itself. (plural themselves).

7. The compound personal pronouns are seldom, if ever, used as the subject of a proposition, though they may be used in apposition with it; as, "He himself knows not whereof he affirms." When used as the object of a transitive verb, they are called reflexive, because the act of the agent falls back upon himself; as, The boy struck himself."

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71. Exercise.

1. Substitute the nouns and their modifying words for the pronouns in the following sentences:—

At this time, the commander of the American forces and his army took post at Harlem; he now sought to ascertain the state of his enemy's forces on Long Island. Captain Nathan Hale volunteered his services; he entered the British army in disguise. On his return, he was apprehended and sent to the cruel Marshal Cunningham, by whom he was ordered to execution without a trial.

Edward carelessly lost his books on his way to school; he tried to excuse himself to his teacher for his deficiency in his lessons, but she required him to prepare them after school, and recite them to her.

Uses of "it" of "thou." Compound personal pronouns.

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