2. Of the possessives, my, thy, her, our, your, their, are used when the noun is expressed; mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, and theirs (in moder style), when it is understood, and the latter must be changed to the former whenever the noun is supplied. "That book is yours; this is mine." 66 That book is your book; this is my book." 3. When mine, thine, &c., are used as in the above example, they seem to perform a double office; first, to represent the speaker, hearer, or person spoken of, as a possessor; and, secondly, like other limiting or qualifying words, when the noun is understood, to represent or stand for that noun, not as a pronoun does, but as an adjective (69, 2). Thus we say, "This [book] is an arithmetic; that [book] is a geography." "The violent [persons] take it by force." "Mine [my task] was an easy task." Properly, neither of the above words is a noun. The first three are adjectives used to limit the noun understood, which follows them, and the last a personal pronoun in the possessive case, used to limit the noun task, understood. If it is proper to say that this, that, or viole are used as nouns, it is equally so of the word mine, not in its pronom nal, but in its adjective office. It is, then, strictly, a pronoun in the possessive, governed by some noun understood; but may, like an adjec tive, be parsed as that noun, in the nominative or the objective case. 73. Exercise. 1. In parsing a pronoun,— (1.) Tell what part of speech it is. Why? (4.) Decline it. (5.) Give the person, number, gender. Why? Declension of THYSELF. thine, &c. HIMSELF, &c. The possessives my, thy, mine, NOTE. (6.) Rule for person, number, gender. Why? (7.) Case and construction. (8.) Rule for construction. In parsing, let the pupil follow this order, and as soon as possible, ithout any question from the teacher. The pronoun is parsed very much ke the noun. 2. Study the following models for parsing : "David brought his book, and laid it on the table." is. is a pronoun; it takes the place of a noun; personal; it is used both to represent a noun, and to show whether it is of the first, second, or third person; it refers to David's for its antecedent; (singular, nominative he, possessive his, objective him; plural, nominative they, possessive their or theirs, objective them;) it is of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, because its antecedent is; (Rule III.: "A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and person;) possessive case, and is used to limit book, by denoting possession, according to Rule VII. (Repeat it.) t.. is a pronoun (why?); personal (why?); it has book for its antecedent; (decline it); it is of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, because its antecedent book is (Rule III.), objective case, and is the object of laid: Rule VIII. (Repeat the rule.) "The messenger himself revealed the treachery." Timself. is a pronoun (why?); compound, composed of him and self; it has messenger for its antecedent; third person, singular number, masculine gender, because its antecedent is (Rule III.), nominative case, and used to identify or explain messenger, according to Rule VI. 3. Parse the PERSONAL PRONOUNS in the following sentences: Can it be that America, under such circumstances, can betray herelf! that she is to be added to the catalogue of republics, the inscripion upon whose ruins is, "They were, but they are not!" Forbid it, ny countrymen! forbid it, heaven!—Story. It is a noble faculty of our nature which enables us to connect our houghts, our sympathies, and our happiness, with what is distant in place or time.— Webster. His praise, ye winds that from five quarters blow, Breathe soft or loud; and wave your tops, ye pines.-Milton. Love took up the glass of Time, and turned it in his glowing hands, Every moment, lightly shaken, ran itself in golden sands.-Tennyson. Models for parsing pronouns. 4. Give the class, person, number, gender (when it can be determined by the form), and case of the following pronouns : I, he, his, hers, mine, you, thou, they, them, us, we, myself, himself, they, herself, me, themselves, ourselves, my, thee, your, thine, herself, yourselves. 74. Relative Pronouns. 1. A relative pronoun is used both to represent a preceding noun or pronoun, called the antecedent, and to connect with it s dependent proposition; as, "Those who wish for favors must assist others." 2. The relative pronoun, when used only as such, follows the antece dent; as, "All that I have is yours;" when used both as a limiting adjective and a pronoun, it always precedes it; as, "I will give you what money I have." 3. The following distinctions will show the difference between a relative and a personal pronoun :— (a.) The relative refers to an object always known, and either previously mentioned, or so clearly implied as to need no mention; the personal pronouns refer always to an object known, and in the third person, to an object previously mentioned, but in the first and second persons, to an object not previously mentioned. (b.) The personal pronouns have a distinct form for each grammatical person; I for the first, thou or you for the second, and he, she, or it for the third. The relative pronouns do not change their form to represent person. (c.) The essential difference is seen in the relations which they denote (see 68, 2), and in their use in construction. The personal pronoun may represent the subject of an independent sentence; the relative never; as, "He is present." "Which is important." The first is a complete sentence; the second needs some word, as measure (which is important), on which it may depend. 75. Simple Relatives. 1. The simple relatives are who, which, that, and what. 2. Who is used to represent persons; which and what to represent things; and that to represent both persons and things. 3. The antecedent of a relative pronoun is not only the word for which the pronoun stands, but is the leading or antecedent term of a relation, of which the clause introduced by the relative is the subsequent Relative Pronoun. The relative used as an adjective. Difference between the relative and personal pronoun. Simple relatives. "Who," "which," "that," and "what." rm; it is that on which the relative clause depends, and is either a finite or an indefinite object. 4. Who, which, and that usually refer to a definite antecedent; as, The man who came." "The horse which died." "The tree that fell." the sentence, "Who steals my purse steals trash," who refers to an definite antecedent. What may refer either to a definite or an indefiite antecedent; as, "I gave him what money he wanted" (definite). I gave him what [things] he wanted" (indefinite). When the anteedent is indefinite, the relative stands alone. 5. What is both a relative pronoun and a limiting adjective, and is quivalent to that or those, which, and consequently has a double contruction. When the antecedent is expressed, what should be parsed 1.) as an adjective; (2.) as a relative pronoun; as, "He gave me what Dooks I wanted." When the antecedent is omitted, the indefinite noun 'things" may be supplied, making this case the same as above; or, it nay be taken (1.) as an adjective in the sense of that or those, but used is a noun (69, 2); it is then the antecedent to itself used (2.) as a relative in the sense of which; as, 'He gave me what I wanted," that is, "He gave me that (ant.) which (rel.) I wanted." 6. The word that is a relative only when who or which can be substituted for it; as, "Ile that (who) getteth wisdom loveth his own soul." "What private grief they have, alas! I know not, that (which) made them do it." It is a pronominal adjective when it limits a noun expressed or understood; as, "That book. It is a subordinate conjunction when it joins a dependent clause to some part of a principal; as, “I know that my Redeemer liveth." 7. What is a relative (1.) when it can be changed into that which; as, "It is what (that which) I wanted;" (2.) when it both limits and relates to a noun; as, "What ore was found, was very poor" That ore which was found, &c. It is an interrogative pronoun, when used alone (belonging to an indefinite object) to ask a question; as, "What [things] do you want?" It is an interrogative adjective when used to limit a noun (a definite object), and also to ask a question; as, "What excuse does he render?" It is an interjection when it denotes an exclamation; as, "What! have you come?" It is an adverb when it is equivalent to partly; as, "The year before, he had so used the matter, that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty castles." 8. When that is used as the object of a preposition, the latter is always placed at the end of a clause; and that must be changed to whom or which whenever the preposition precedes; as, "It was James that I depended upon" upon whom I depended. The antecedent-definite and indefinite. "that"-of "what." "What." Different uses of "That" as object of a preposition. |