9. By an ellipsis of the relative, as, after such, many, and same, seems to take its place, and may be regarded as a relative, though, properly speaking, it is never a relative; as, "The Lord added to the church daily, such as [were those who] should be saved."

76. Compound Relatives.

1. The compound relatives are whoso, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, and whatsoever.

2. These are formed from the simple relatives by adding the adverbs ever and soever. What, on account of its double construction (75, 5), has been erroneously regarded as a compound pronoun.

3. Whoever and whosoever refer to some indefinite antecedent, as he person, any one, and are equivalent to any one who; as, "Whoever hopes a faultless piece to see." In all other respects they are parsed like who, whose, whom. Whichever and whichsoever refer to a definite object, to which they belong as adjectives; as, Whichever way you take will lead to the city." They are equivalent to any—which. Whatever and whatsoever belong, as adjectives, either to a definite or an indefinite object, and relate, as pronouns, to the same (75, 5); as, “We are interested in whatever occupation you follow." 66 Whatsoever is more

than these cometh of evil." They are equivalent to that—which, or any thing which.

:

4. The relative and interrogative pronouns are thus declined :

77. Exercise-Models for Parsing.

1. "The man who is faithfully attached to religion will be upright." Who is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has man for its antecedent; nominative who, possessive whose, objective whom; plural the same; third person, singular number, masculine gender, because its antecedent is (Rule III.: Repeat it), nominative case, and is used as the subject of the proposition, "who is attached.” (Rule I. Repeat it.)

"As" after "such," "many," and "same." Compound relatives. Their formation. "Whoever," "Whosoever," &c. Declension of the relatives.

(2.) As a relative or connective it joins the subordinate proposition, "who is faithfully attached to religion," to the antecedent man. Rule XV. (Repeat it.)

2.Cherish true patriotism, whose root is benevolence."

Those. is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has patriotism for its antecedent; nominative which, &c. ; third person, singular number, neuter gender (Rule III. Repeat it); possessive case, and is used to limit root, by denoting possession: Rule VII. (Repeat it).

(2.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition "whose root is benevolence," to the antecedent patriotism: Rule XV. (Repeat it.)

3. "Compassion is an emotion of which we should never be ashamed." Which is a relative pronoun. (Why ?)

(1.) As a pronoun it represents emotion as its antecedent (decline and give person, number, gender: Rule III.); objective case, and is used as the object of the preposition of: Rule XIV. (Repeat it.)

(2.) As a relative or connective, it joins the subordinate proposition, "of which we should never be ashamed," to the antecedent emotion: Rule XV.

is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has sofa for its antecedent (decline, and give person, number, gender: Rule III.); objective case, and used as the object of the preposition upon. Rule XIV. (See 75, 8.)

(2.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition, "that he sat upon," to the antecedent sofa. Rule XV.

5. "I have ascertained what lesson we must learn."

What.. is a relative pronoun, used also as an adjective; (1.) As an adjective, it belongs to lesson, according to Rule V.

(2.) As a pronoun, it represents lesson for its antecedent, and is of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, according to Rule III., objective case, and is the object of must learn, according to Rule VIII.

(3.) As a relative or connective, it joins the subordinate proposition, "what we must learn," to the antecedent lesson. Rule XV.

Models for parsing.

6. "I know what will be done."

What.. is a relative pronoun, used also as an adjective.

(1.) As an adjective, it belongs to some noun, as thing (what thing), understood, and should be parsed as above (75, 5), or it may be used as a noun of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, objective case, and the object of know. Rule VIII.

(2.) As a pronoun, it relates to thing understood, or to what (used as the noun thing) for its antecedent, and is of the third person, singular number, neuter gender (Rule III.), nominative case, and the subject of will be done. Rule I.

(3.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition, "what will be done," to thing or to what, used as a noun. Rule XV.

7. "He has lost whatever fortune he had."

Parse "whatever" according to the first model (5.) for “what.” 8. "Whoever fails must try again."

Supply the antecedent, (76, 3) and parse as in Model 1.

9. Parse the RELATIVES in the following examples :—

A dauntless soul erect who smiles on death.-Thomson.
Call imperfection what thou fanciest such.-Pope.

Whoever seeks the good of others, will himself be blest.
Whatsoever he doeth, shall prosper.

But that which gave the brightest lustre not only to the eloquence of Chatham, but to his character, was his loftiness and nobleness of soul. He loved fame, but it was the fame that follows, not the fame that is run after; not the fame that is gained by the little acts that bring forward little men, but the fame that a minister will and must wring from the very people whose prejudices he despises, and whose passions he controls.-Mahon.

For the structure that we raise

Time is with materials filled;

Our to-days and yesterdays

Are the blocks with which we build.-Longfellow.

9. Tell what part of speech "that" is in the following examples (74, 6): Thoughts that breathe and words that burn.

That is the same man that we met before.

I do not deny that you may be right.

I will send the articles that you asked for.

I hope that that boy that stole that purse will be punished.

It is not from my lips that that strain of eloquence is this day to flow.-Webster.

Models for parsing.

78. Interrogative Pronouns.

1. An interrogative pronoun is used both to represent a noun, d to ask a question; as, "Who art thou, Lord?”

2. The interrogatives are who, used to inquire for persons; hich, for persons and things; and what (usually) for things; as, Who gave thee that authority?" "Which house does he live 1?" "What have I to do with thee?"

3. When a definite object is inquired for, what and which are interrogave adjectives used to limit the name of the object inquired for; as, What books do you want?” "Which road shall we take?" When an ›definite object is inquired for, the interrogative takes its place, or elongs to it, understood (59, 3); as, "What (thing) do you want?"

4. When an interrogative sentence is quoted, and incorporated into nother sentence, it loses much of its interrogative character; the interogative pronoun becomes a connective, and as the incorporated clause s an unanswered question, the pronoun refers to some person or thing oth unknown and unmentioned. It may therefore be called an indefinite nterrogative pronoun; as, "Who is concealed in the garden?" The tame has not been mentioned, and although he may be a familiar friend, et as the concealed one, he is unknown. The answer, therefore, must "I do not know who is concealed in the garden." Who is here (1.) in indefinite interrogative pronoun, third person, singular number (shown ɔy the verb), masculine gender, nominative case, &c.; and (2.) a suborlinate connective, joining the subordinate proposition, "who is concealed in the garden," to know. Rule XV. Compare this with "I do not know him who is concealed in the garden." Here who should be parsed as a relative pronoun, having him for its antecedent.

›e,

5. Besides pronouns, various interrogative adverbs are used in asking questions; as, Why? Where? When? How?

79. Exercise.

1. Point out the interrogative pronouns in the following examples:— Who has learned his lesson? Which seat do you prefer? What have you found in the garden? For what are you punished? Whose school do you attend? Who went with you? Whom do you follow? Which way has she gone?

2. Tell which of the above examples are pronouns, and which interrogative adjectives. (See 78, 3).

Interrogative pronouns-" who," "which," and "what." Definite and indefinite interrogative pronouns. Interrogative adverbs.

3. Tell which of the following pronouns are relative, which interrogative:— He whose image thou art. From what fountain flowed their light? What title dost thou bear? Whose genius had angelic wings. What readiest way would bring me to the place? Who found the flower? I am he whom ye seek. He found the book for which I sent him. Of whom do you speak? That which was lost is found.

4. Models for parsing interrogatives:

"Who shall separate us from the love of Christ ?"

Who. is a pronoun (why '), interrogative (why?); its antecedent (subsequent) is not expressed; nominative who, possessive who, objective whom; plural, the same, third person, singular number, masculine gender, because its antecedent (subsequent, no one implied) is (Rule III.: Repeat it), nominative case, and used as the subject of the proposition, "who shall separate." Rule I. (Repeat it.)

"Whose books have you found?"

Whose is an interrogative pronoun; nominative who, &c. (person, number, and gender depending upon the object conceived of as the answer), possessive case, and is used to limit books by denoting possession. Rule VII. (Repeat it.)

"What seek ye?"

What is an interrogative pronoun; indeclinable; third person (number and gender depending upon the object conceived of as the answer), objective case, and used as the object of the verb "seek." Rule VIII. (Repeat it.)

"What lesson shall we learn?"

What is a pronominal adjective, used interrogatively, and belongs to lesson, for which it inquires. Rule V.

"I know not who is there."

Who. is an (1.) indefinite interrogative pronoun, having properly no antecedent, but referring to some unknown person previously inquired for, third person, singular number (shown by the verb), masculine gender, (47, 6), &c.; and (2.) a subordinate connective, joining the subordinate proposition, "who is there," to know. Rule XV.

5. Parse the NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, and PRONOUNS, in the following eximples:

A great mistake, which is too common, especially among those who

Models for parsing.