3. The subjunctive represents an ideal act, or a real act, conceived y as an idea, and places it under a condition accompanied with more ess doubt. As to a distinctive form of the subjunctive, it can scarcely said to have any, unless it be found in the present tense, or present · past of to be; and in all such cases (with the single exception of e, in examples like "If it were,” “If I were"), by supplying an psis, they may be referred to the forms of the indicative future or past potential; as, "If it rain, we shall not leave" If it should n, &c. "Till one greater man restore (shall restore) us, and regain all regain) the blissful seat, sing, heavenly muse." The majority writers, at the present time, employ the forms of the indicative preit; as, “If it rains;" "If he leaves." Hence the subjunctive may be garded as borrowing its forms from the indicative and potential modes. 14. The imperative mode is used in principal propositions. It is the de which expresses will or desire. It may usually be known by the ission of the subject; as, "Read" (thou); "write." The force of this de, under the same form, depends upon the relation of the parties. a superior speaks imperatively to an inferior, it is a command; if an ual to an equal, it is an exhortation or an entreaty; if an inferior to superior, it is a prayer or supplication. The imperative is made subdinate only in a direct quotation; as, "God said, Let there be light." is often elegantly put for a conditional clause; as, "Let but the comons hear this testament, and they would go and kiss dead Cæsar's >unds" Could the commons, &c., or, If the commons could but

ar, &c.

15. The infinitive is used in abridged propositions, and hence is wholly pendent, being incorporated as an element of another proposition. does not assert anything; it is not limited by the number and person a subject, and hence its name (30, 2), infinitive-unlimited, in distincon from finite, which is applied to all verbs used in construction with eir subjects, and thereby limited by the number and person of the latter. 16. The infinitive is used as an abstract noun, yet it may be associated ith the subject from which it has been abstracted; as, "The soldier aints" (finite), "for the soldier to faint" (infin.); "He goes" (finite), for him to go" (infin.); "we told him to go" (infin.).

90. Exercise.

1. Tell the mode of each of the verbs in the following examples; also the ind of verb:

Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, f thou hast understanding.

Forms of the subjunctive. The imperative used in principal propositions. The subjunctive used in abridged propositions.

Then said Jesus to his disciples, If any man will come after me, him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.

Daughter of Faith! awake, arise, illume

The dread unknown, the chaos of the tomb.-Campbell.

I steal by lawns and grassy plots,
I slide by hazel covers;

I move the sweet forget-me-nots
That grow for happy lovers.

And out again I curve and flow,
To join the brimming river;
For men may come and men may go,
But I go on for ever.-Tennyson.

PARTICIPLES.

91. Definition and Distinctions.

A participle is a word having the signification of a verb, but the construction of an adjective; as, "We found him lying on the ground." "Having written his letter, he sent it to his friend."

1. The participle is so called because it participates or partakes of the properties of the verb and adjective. It is the attributive (80, 4, 5) part of the verb alone; it is the being, action, or state deprived of the power of assertion; and therefore, when joined without the copula to the noun whose attribute it expresses, it must be assumed (not predicated', (163, 7) just as an adjective is assumed under similar circumstances. I has the meaning of the verb, is modified like the verb, but is used like the a ljective.

2. The participle is not a distinct part of speech, but is derived directly from the verb,-the present by adding ing, the past by adding ed, to all regular verbs, and the perfect by prefixing to the past the auxiliary having.

92. Classes of Participles.

1. There are, properly, two participles-the present and the perfect; as, reading, having read; (being) loved, having been loved.

2. These two participles correspond to the present and perfect tenses

The participle. The attributive part of the verb. Two participles.

he verb. They are used in abridged propositions; the former when proposition before its abridgment was in the present, past, or future se; the latter when it was in either of the perfect tenses. See idged propositions (182, 6).

3. There are, however, three forms, commonly called participles the present, the past, and the perfect. Thus,—

4. The passive participle loved does not necessarily denote past time. itself, it simply denotes the reception of an act, complete or incomete. The time depends upon that of the verb with which it is assoited.

5. The form called the past participle may have been once the pasve participle, having the same form. If so, it has now wholly lost 3 original signification, and, strictly speaking, has lost its character a participle. It never partakes of the properties of the adjective; never is used to limit a noun like that part of speech; it is never sed alone in participial constructions, that is, where the participle, ith the words depending upon it, takes the place of a subordinate roposition; it is always found in the predicate, either of complete or bridged propositions, and is connected with some form of have; as, ave loved, had loved, having loved; it has an active signification, and lways denotes a past, completed act, and belongs as well to intransitive s to transitive verbs.

6. The passive participle of the same form, on the contrary, is limited o transitive verbs, has always a passive signification, may denote as vell present as past time; it may have the participial construction, or with the copula, may form the passive verb in all the modes and tenses.

7. Participles, in their appropriate use, take the place of dependent propositions, and consequently represent time in the same manner as the propositions from which they are derived. As the verb of the dependent clause dates from the time expressed by the principal verb, and not from that of the speaker, the participle may be present, with a past, present, or future act; as, "I saw a man walking;" "I see a man walking;" "I shall see a man walking.' So, again, the participle may denote a past act, completed at the time of a past, present, or future act; as, Having ploughed his field, the farmer sowed, sows, will sow the seed."

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Three participial forms. The past participle. Participles same as dependent propositions.

The passive participle.

93. Present Active Participle.

1. The present action participle denotes an action or state present, and in progress at the time represented by the principal verb; as, We find, found, or shall find him sitting in a chair."

2 This participle always ends in ing, it has an active signification and may be used in abridging propositions, as, "I saw a man walk in the meadow," i. c. who was walking. It may be used wholly as an adje tive, it is then placed before the noun; as, "The roaring billows When thus used, it is called a participial adjective. It may be used with the copula in the progressive form of the verb; as, "I am reading.” I may be used like the Latin gerund to denote a concomitant act; a "The Son of Man came eating and drinking." It may be used (1) wholy as a noun, with the preceding, and of following; as, The reading of th law;" or (2.) in the construction of the noun with the modifications the verb; as, "The eye is never satisfied with beholding the stupendor works of the Creator."

of this trade."- Webster.

3. Though this participle is usually active, it sometimes has a passive signification. When an object is undergoing a progressive change, a we wish to express this as a continuous reception of the act, our language is deficient in appropriate forms. Good writers have resorted to the use of the active participle, giving it a passive signification; as. "The house is building." "New efforts are making for the extension "This new tragedy was acting.”—Everett. Recent writers of some distinction have adopted the forms, "The house is being built." "Preparations are being made." It is not the province of the grammarian to dictate as to questions of usage, but to admit and explain whatever good, national, and reputable usage sanetions. When subjected to these tests, it must be said of such forms, that they are by no means adopted by the best writers as good English, they are not sanctioned by the best grammarians, and they are of too recent origin to be regarded as idioms of the language.

94 Present Passive Participle.

1. The present passive participle denotes the reception of an act, at the time represented by the principal verb; as, "He lives, ived, will live, loved by all."

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2. This participle may be used as an adjective, or with the copula, to form the passive verb; as, A refined taste is possessed only by the cultvated." When preceded by being, it may be used as a noun; as, "Ey

Sometimes has a pas

The present active participle. Its form and uses. sive signification. The present passive participle. Its uses.

1 involved in one wrong act, he was soon lost to all the appeals of friends."

95. Perfect Participles, Active and Passive.

.. The perfect active participle denotes an action or state comed at the time represented by the principal verb; as, "Having ished his speech, he sat down."

2. The perfect passive participle denotes the reception of an , past and completed, at the time represented by the principal Having been driven from home, he enlisted in the

b; as,

ny."

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3. The perfect participles are never used like the present, with the ula, to form the predicate. They may be used as verbal nouns; as, He was accused of having obtained goods on false pretences."

96. The Participle predicated or assumed.

1. The action or state expressed by the participle may be either redicated or assumed (163, 7); as, "The horse is running · rough the street;""The horse running through the street." 2. The participle, when the act is predicated, constitutes, with the pula, or auxiliary have, a form of the verb. The present participle is sed in the progressive form (109, 1) or imperfect tenses; the past in the -mplete form, or perfect; the passive, in the passive form; as, "The rmer was ploughing his field." The farmer had ploughed his field." The field was ploughed by the farmer."

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3. The participle, when the act is assumed, is equivalent to a suborinate clause; as, "The boat which sails on yonder lake is propelled by eam" The boat sailing on yonder lake is propelled by steam.

=

97. Exercise.

1. Write the participles of the following verbs:—

Find, obey, ride, grow, lie, lay, sit, set, lose, loose, load, steal, arrive, uppose, happen, come, do, take, run.

2. Use each of the above participles in a short sentence.

he re

MODELS. Finding his mistake, he left. The source of the river being found, the travellers returned home. Having found the owner, stored the ring.

The perfect active participle. The perfect passive participle. The action predicated or assumed.