(3) many potentially destructive conflicts among nations and people have been resolved constructively and with cost efficiency at the international, national, and community levels through proper use of such techniques as negotiation, conciliation, mediation, and arbitration;

(4) there is a national need to examine the disciplines in the social, behavioral, and physical sciences and the arts and humanities with regard to the history, nature, elements, and future of peace processes, and to bring together and develop new and tested techniques to promote peaceful economic, political, social, and cultural relations in the world;

(5) existing institutions providing programs in international affairs, diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peace studies are essential to further development of techniques to promote peaceful resolution of international conflict, and the peacemaking activities of people in such institutions, government, private enterprise, and voluntary associations can be strengthened by a national institution devoted to international peace research, education and training, and information services;

(6) there is a need for Federal leadership to expand and support the existing international peace and conflict resolution efforts of the Nation and to develop new comprehensive peace education and training programs, basic and applied research projects, and programs providing peace information;

(7) the Commission on Proposals for the National Academy of Peace and Conflict Resolution, created by the Education Amendments of 1978, recommended establishing an academy as a highly desirable investment to further the Nation's interest in promoting international peace;

(8) an institute strengthening and symbolizing the fruitful relation between the world of learning and the world of public affairs, would be the most efficient and immediate means for the Nation to enlarge its capacity to promote the peaceful resolution of international conflicts; and

(9) the establishment of such an institute is an appropriate investment by the people of this Nation to advance the history, science, art, and practice of international peace and the resolution of conflicts among nations without the use of violence. (b) It is the purpose of this title to establish an independent, nonprofit, national institute to serve the people and the Government through the widest possible range of education and training, basic and applied research opportunities, and peace information services on the means to promote international peace and the resolution of conflicts among the nations and peoples of the world without recourse to violence.

DEFINITIONS

SEC. 1703.2 As used in this title, the term

(1) "Institute" means the United States Institute of Peace established by this title; and

(2) "Board" means the Board of Directors of the Institute.

222 U.S.C. 4602.

TABLISHMENT DE

There is hereby es

fatiuse is an independent descubed in section 1776at 983. The Institute fasen. V or to declare or pr ecused by the Boardve

the District of Cimmin gholding, and ve

and of the Institute mam eded entity as the

eliable for the acts d when acting with

wwws Randolph Pre Vetsunaga Medal of Pea albule of Peace emblem, bes Halibute of Peace" and bea x granted shall interfere or com 4x colorable simulation Heness caugas or Nation in its tita www as of September 1996. wher provision of this where in any fiscal year only f ng or other mark of Bates" or "U.S." or any atte Pevecaneus e wwwwww for the Institute for c

234 100560WL

y exercise the powers coram by the District of Columbia Nort his title, except for sector 540

ANAMAN AND DUTIES

the District of Chine Tugs Corporation Act (DC Gent

The Institute veg (1) establish a

Peace and appoint,

the Board, may

dubh Program for Internations to two years, scholars leaders in peace from the 'ted States and abroad to DUTSER holarly inquiry and other appropriate forms of comunic fan on international peace and conflict resolution and, as propriate, provide stipends, grants, fellowships, and other SUPport to the leaders and scholars,

*// USC 4003

of ad

• $150(b) of Public Law 101-520 (104 Stat. 22850 morted "Spark M. Matsunaga Me

22 USC 4604.

> enter into formal and informal relationships with other itutions, public and private, for purposes not inconsistent this title;

})6 establish a Jeannette Rankin Research Program on Ace to conduct research and make studies, particularly of an erdisciplinary or of a multidisciplinary nature, into the ses of war and other international conflicts and the elents of peace among the nations and peoples of the world, inding peace theories, methods, techniques, programs, and Stems, and into the experiences of the United States and her nations in resolving conflicts with justice and dignity and thout violence as they pertain to the advancement of intertional peace and conflict resolution, placing particular emhasis on realistic approaches to past successes and failures in e quest for peace and arms control and utilizing to the maxium extent possible United States Government documents nd classified materials from the Department of State, the Decartment of Defense, the Arms Control and Disarmament gency, and the intelligence community;

(4) develop programs to make international peace and conlict resolution research, education, and training more available and useful to persons in government, private enterprise, and voluntary associations, including the creation of handbooks and other practical materials;

(5) provide, promote, and support peace education and research programs at graduate and postgraduate levels;

(3).

(6) conduct training, symposia, and continuing education programs for practitioners, policymakers, policy implementers, and citizens and noncitizens directed to developing their skills in international peace and conflict resolution;

(7) develop, for publication or other public communication, and disseminate, the carefully selected products of the Institute;

(8) establish a clearinghouse and other means for disseminating information, including classified information that is properly safeguarded, from the field of peace learning to the public and to government personnel with appropriate security clearances; 7, 8

(9)7 secure directly, upon request of the president of the Institute to the head of any Federal department or agency and in accordance with section 552 of title 5, United States Code (relating to freedom of information), information necessary to enable the Institute to carry out the purposes of this title if

Sec. 25 of the Higher Education Technical Amendments Act (Public Law 100-50; 101 Stat. 363) inserted "establish a Jeannette Rankin Research Program on Peace to" at sec. 1703, par. Sec. 6272 of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1523) amended sec. 25 of Public Law 100-50 to insert this language in sec. 1705(bX3).

7Sec. 319(a)(1) of Public Law 101-520 (104 Stat. 2284) inserted "and" at the end of par. (8) (see next note), struck out para. (9), and redesignated para. (10) as (9). Paragraph (9) formerly read as follows:

"(9) recommend to the Congress the establishment of a United States Medal of Peace to be awarded under such procedures as the Congress may determine, except that no person associated with the Institute may receive the United States Medal of Peace; and".

Sec. 1554(b) of Public Law 102-325 (106 Stat. 839) struck out "and" at the end of par. (8), struck the period at the end of par. (9) and inserted in lieu thereof; and"; and added a new par. (10).

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

SEC. 1704.3 (a) There is hereby established the United States Institute of Peace.

(b) The Institute is an independent nonprofit corporation and an organization described in section 170(c)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The Institute does not have the power to issue any shares of stock or to declare or pay any dividends.

(c) As determined by the Board, the Institute may establish, under the laws of the District of Columbia, a legal entity which is capable of receiving, holding, and investing public funds for purposes in furtherance of the Institute under this title. The Institute may designate such legal entity as the "Endowment of the United States Institute for Peace".

(d) The Institute is liable for the acts of its directors, officers, employees, and agents when acting within the scope of their authority.

(e)(1) The Institute has the sole and exclusive right to use and to allow or refuse others the use of the terms "United States Institute of Peace", "Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace", "Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace", and "Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace" and the use of any official United States Institute of Peace emblem, badge, seal, and other mark of recognition or any colorable simulation thereof. No powers or privileges hereby granted shall interfere or conflict with established or vested rights secured as of September 1, 1981.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Institute may use "United States" or "U.S." or any other reference to the United States Government or Nation in its title or in its corporate seal, emblem, badge, or other mark of recognition or colorable simulation thereof in any fiscal year only if there is an authorization of appropriations for the Institute for such fiscal year provided by law.

POWERS AND DUTIES

SEC. 1705.5 (a) The Institute may exercise the powers conferred upon a nonprofit corporation by the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act consistent with this title, except for section 5(0) of the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-1005(o)).

(b) The Institute, acting through the Board, may

(1) establish a Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace and appoint, for periods up to two years, scholars and leaders in peace from the United States and abroad to pursue scholarly inquiry and other appropriate forms of communication on international peace and conflict resolution and, as appropriate, provide stipends, grants, fellowships, and other support to the leaders and scholars;

322 U.S.C. 4603.

Sec. 319(b) of Public Law 101-520 (104 Stat. 2285) inserted "Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace'.".

$22 U.S.C 4604.

(2) enter into formal and informal relationships with other institutions, public and private, for purposes not inconsistent with this title;

(3)6 establish a Jeannette Rankin Research Program on Peace to conduct research and make studies, particularly of an interdisciplinary or of a multidisciplinary nature, into the causes of war and other international conflicts and the elements of peace among the nations and peoples of the world, including peace theories, methods, techniques, programs, and systems, and into the experiences of the United States and other nations in resolving conflicts with justice and dignity and without violence as they pertain to the advancement of international peace and conflict resolution, placing particular emphasis on realistic approaches to past successes and failures in the quest for peace and arms control and utilizing to the maximum extent possible United States Government documents and classified materials from the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the intelligence community;

(4) develop programs to make international peace and conflict resolution research, education, and training more available and useful to persons in government, private enterprise, and voluntary associations, including the creation of handbooks and other practical materials;

(5) provide, promote, and support peace education and research programs at graduate and postgraduate levels;

(6) conduct training, symposia, and continuing education programs for practitioners, policymakers, policy implementers, and citizens and noncitizens directed to developing their skills in international peace and conflict resolution;

(7) develop, for publication or other public communication, and disseminate, the carefully selected products of the Institute;

(8) establish a clearinghouse and other means for disseminating information, including classified information that is properly safeguarded, from the field of peace learning to the public and to government personnel with appropriate security clearances; 7, 8

(9)7 secure directly, upon request of the president of the Institute to the head of any Federal department or agency and in accordance with section 552 of title 5, United States Code (relating to freedom of information), information necessary to enable the Institute to carry out the purposes of this title if

Sec. 25 of the Higher Education Technical Amendments Act (Public Law 100-50; 101 Stat. 363) inserted "establish a Jeannette Rankin Research Program on Peace to" at sec. 1703, par. (3). Sec. 6272 of Public Law 100-418 (102 Stat. 1523) amended sec. 25 of Public Law 100-50 to insert this language in sec. 1705(bX3).

7Sec. 319(aX1) of Public Law 101-520 (104 Stat. 2284) inserted "and" at the end of par. (8) (see next note), struck out para. (9), and redesignated para. (10) as (9). Paragraph (9) formerly read as follows:

"(9) recommend to the Congress the establishment of a United States Medal of Peace to be awarded under such procedures as the Congress may determine, except that no person associated with the Institute may receive the United States Medal of Peace; and".

Sec. 1554(b) of Public Law 102-325 (106 Stat. 839) struck out "and" at the end of par. (8), struck the period at the end of par. (9) and inserted in lieu thereof "; and"; and added a new par. (10).