LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 25, 1896. CONTENTS.-N° 239. NOTES:-The "Gates" of York, 69-Shakspeariana, 70 cestors, 72-Thomas Dyche-Rev. George Munford QUERIES:-Prince Charles and Mlle. Luci-A Legend of S. Blower-Rose, 87. E. V. B.'s Ros Rosarum,' Notices to Correspondents. Fotes. THE "GATES" OF YORK. To say nothing of the present four mediæval bars of York, its other two arched openings called bars, and its two remaining old posterns, the old northern metropolis has to this day thirty actual gates either within or immediately without its hoary limestone walls, and I have a record of twenty-eight more which used to exist. The city | had at one time just about as many churches as gates, and the sites of nearly every one can still be traced. To most people of little or no consequence, to the man of antiquarian taste of great consequence, it is time that some stand was taken against the unsuspected gradual diminution of the gates. One can have nothing whatever to say against newly-built streets in the suburbs being called streets; but the writer thinks there is some just cause for protest against the modernized gates being re-signboarded streets or roads. There seems no reason why York should not be allowed to preserve as much of her ancient character as possible, and her gates have for centuries been amongst her most noticeable characteristics. It has been said that the city had two "streets" only; at present she has by far too many. The advent of Sequah a few years ago will be remembered by the citizens, and how amusingly and eruditely he nightly expatiated on his new "finds" concerning the many gates. It is, therefore, not a little mortifying to find that the various local nomenclators are disabusing the city of one of her ancient claims, and so, in one particular, allowing her to fall to the level of industrial mushroom towns in the county. The word ". 'gate " is probably derived from the Danish gata, a street. Some of these gates are broad arteries, others intricate viens, while many are mere capillaries in comparison. And, while several still retain the names they bore in mediæval times, it is not a little strange to find that the principal thoroughfare in the city, Coney Street, has never been called a gate. " Bishopgate, Castlegate, Colliergate, Coppergate, Davygate, and Feasegate head the list of the thirty existing gates. Langwith imagined that an image dedicated to St. Faith had at a remote period stood in Feasegate. Written S. Fé in old French, he hence submits that the present spelling should be Feesgate. Drake, however, supposes that Feasegate took its name from the Old English "fease ог feag flagellare," to beat with rods, and is thereby led to conjecture that offenders were whipped through this street and round the market. Allen thinks it probable that it was originally Feastgate, from its proximity to Jubbergate, and, considering the peculiar religious customs of the people who resided there, he conconcludes that the Jews from the neighbouring towns and villages might, at their periodical feasts held in York, have been accommodated in this street. Then we have Fishergate, Fossgate, Friargate, Gillygate, and Goodramgate-all names full of meaning. The quaint, winding thoroughfare called Goodramgate is said to have derived its name from the circumstance of its having, in the time of Alfred the Great, contained the residence of a Danish general named Godram, Gotheram, or Guthrum, who was Deputy-Governor of York. Following on in alphabetical order, we have Holgate, Hungate, and Jubbergate. It goes without saying that Jubbergate was the principal Jew quarter in the middle ages, and Hargrove speaks of the remains of several ancient walls on its north side, which tradition claims to be part of a Jewish synagogue. In the neighbourhood of Jewbury, without the walls, the Jews had their burial-ground. Then we have Marygate, Micklegate, Minstergate, Monkgate, Nessgate, Newgate, Ousegate, Petergate, Skeldergate, Spurriergate, and Stonegate. Formerly the principal street in the city, Stonegate is, perhaps, still the most picturesque. It derived its name from the tremendous loads of stone carried through, and no doubt strewed in it, during the various erections of the Minster. Here are the most antique houses of any principal street in the city; here the old print, book, picture, and music shops. One of the best specimens is that occupied by Mr. J. W. Knowles, whose famous medieval art works are behind. Formerly this house was called "At the Sign of the Bible," a great place for bibliophiles. The Bible, bearing a seventeenth-century date, is carefully preserved by Mr. Knowles. St. Andrewgate leads to the church of St. Andrew. The greater part of this edifice still stands, though it has been for long most woefully desecrated. No church in York has undergone stranger mutations. It has been a house of prayer and praise, then a den for thieves, then a common brothel, then (part of it) a stable, then a free grammar school. Following St. Saviourgate comes Swinegate, which may have taken its name from the many swine kept here by poor families. It is always said that the late Sir Joseph Barnbyonce a choir boy in the Minster-emanated from Swinegate. As to Walmgate celebrated all England over for its bar and barbican-Drake and others have supposed it to be a corruption of the Roman Watlingate. Hargrove considers the name to be but a corruption of Vallumgate, as being in proximity to a wall or bulwark. The bulwarks cited for this accommodation are Walmgate Bar, Fishergate Bar, and the Red Tower. The thirtieth and last of the existing gates is Whipmawhopmagate-surely an interesting onomatope. As a street, it is at present a section of Colliergate, and may be regarded as a street with only one side, containing simply two shopsa butcher's and a tobacconist's. Henry Brambam, the tobacconist, preserves the name on his paper bags, which show that 16, Colliergate and 1, Whip; mawhopmagate are synonymous addresses. All old documents show these two houses to be in Whipma whopmagate. The original Whipmawhopmagate was a short, narrow street, formed by a row of houses which ran in a line with the south side of Colliergate to the centre of Pavement. The strange-named gate was very probably the ancient boundary for the public whipping of delinquents. Street, a foolish change to make, for many reasons. SHAKSPEARIANA. Doth all the noble substance of a doubt To his own scandal, To read "base" for cale requires almost the courage The dram of eisel E. S. A. The dram of eale Quarto 2, 1604, D i. bk. Barbergate, Beggargate, and Besyngate head my list of twenty-eight gates removed or going under different names. If Besyngate, which occurs in 1426, really was the alley now called Little Shambles, it may have signified Beastgate. We are told that it was afterwards called Gyldgarths. The Gyldgarths still exist at the end of Little Shambles as a square enclosure, belonging originally to the Merchant Butchers' Company. Here cattle are still penned before slaughtering. Gyld- I hoped I had stopped all emendations of eale, by garths evidently signifies the garth of the guild, showing that Quarto 2-to which we owe cale-spelt the former word being an equivalent in polite "devil" twice deale, in II. ii. 628:— English to a small enclosed place, and the latter word meaning the Merchant Butchers' Company. Following once more in alphabetical order are Bloxamgate, Bretgate, Little Bretgate, Briggate (now, of course, Bridge Street), Byrkgate, Carrgate, and Girdlergate. This has become Church The spirit that I have seene As deale is "devil," so eale is "evil." "Doth" it straight, she did it all of a muddle." The stances which I need not explain, I was not a "Hamlet' lines need no emendation. E. S. A. "A BARE BODKIN" (8th S. ix. 362, 422; x. 22). -I hope DR. BREWER does not imagine that he is singular in reverence for the dear old bard." Does he suppose that any sane man would knowingly "attempt to amend him"? It is a very different matter to attempt to "amend," not "him" but his editors' " emendations" and his printers' 'blunders. Shakespeare and Shakespeare's text are not identical. Would that they always were so! Would DR. BREWER, in his superstitious reverence for the text of "the dear old bard" go so far as to leave untouched "the kind life rendering politician" in the First Folio text of 'Hamlet,' ÏV. v. ? R. M. SPENCE, M.A. Manse of Arbuthnott, N.B. 'TROILUS AND CRESSIDA,' III. iii. (6th S. xi. 325, 396, 475; xii. 313; 8th S. ix. 423 ; x. 22).— One touch of nature. I much regret to find that since the date of MR. SPENCE's note fresh justification has arisen for his action in renewing the protest against the very vulgar error of the misapplication of these hackneyed words. Most unfortunately the wide circulation of Punch was made the means, on 4 July, of sending them round the world in the conspicuous form of a motto to the cartoon of the week, with accompanying verses. "One touch of nature,'" I read, "makes the whole world kin,' our Shakspeare said." This is true, in the same sense that Shakspeare also said, "My lord, 'tis I, the early village cock," a facetious misapplication of which words, produced in a precisely similar manner, I remember, illustrated, in a former number of Punch. But loss of life and exercise of charity are not subjects that Punch is in the habit of selecting for facetious treatment, and it is much to be regretted that, with the whole world of literature to choose from, a quotation should have been used in a form fit only for the lips of Punch's Baboo Jamsetjee. KILLIGREW. I think I have cause to complain that the note signed by KILLIGREW at the last reference is somewhat discourteous. KILLIGREW might have done me the justice to believe that, if I had known of his note in the Sixth Series, I should have had the common honesty to refer to it. From circum reader of 'N. & Q.' during the years between 1880 and 1888. In one of those years KILLIGREW'S note, and the discussion to which he refers as having followed it, must have appeared. But, though I now for the first time learn that the subject has already been discussed, I take leave to remind KILLIGREW that it is you alone who have the right to determine whether or not a discussion has been "exhausted." As to KILLIGREW's remarks on the "full stop" appearing at the end of my quotation, I think he might have seen that the "full stop" was purposely inserted by me in order that the quotation might appear in its pseudo-form of "popular individuality.” R. M. SPENCE, M.A. Manse of Arbuthnott, N.B. SHAKSPEARE'S FIRST FOLIO (8th S. x. 23).How many copies there may be with the variation in 'Othello,' p. 333 of the "Tragedies," no one can say; but there are certainly more than two. Some five or six years ago I saw one at Sotheby's auction room. It was a fine tall copy, in old purple morocco, and quite complete; but the title with portrait was rather faint, and had the appearance of having been taken out and washed. This greatly detracted from its value. Nevertheless, if I am not mistaken, it sold for 3201. or 340l. I am quite sure about the peculiar reading in 'Othello,' because it was pointed out to me, and I yet have the note then made. I have some recollection, also, of having seen at least one other described in a bookseller's catalogue, but cannot remember whose. No doubt "the mistake was discovered and corrected"; but it would be singular to discover the mistake just as they had commenced printing, and more singular still not to destroy the incorrect copies, if there were only two or three of them. Is it not more probable that so considerable a portion had been worked off that it was considered the most economical plan to reprint that half-sheet and cancel the one with the error? In doing this a few might easily be overlooked. I do not see how a "corrected proof-sheet" could get among the perfect sheets. If I am not mistaken, it is the custom for printers to take great care of their proofs, for many reasons, and to refer to the preceding when they receive a new one; and if the earlier one is missed, diligent search has to be made till it is found, or "" ructions ensue. If, by unusual carelessness, a marked proof did get among the sheets, unless the binder was as careless as the printer, it would have been seen and thrown out on "gathering" or "collating." Boston, Lincolnshire. R. R. THIEVES' CANDLES.-Some criminals, it would appear, entertain the horrible creed that the use of 10 P.M. In the foreground the Bellerophon is in flames, and the crew are clambering over the bowsprit in sore dismay. The British flag is well displayed everywhere. No. 3 is midnight; one a candle made of a murdered man's fat will protect them from discovery during their depredations. Actuated by this hideous and insane superstition, it is averred that two burglars in the district of Ostrogojsk (Voroneje Government) recently mur-vessel is in the act of blowing up, sails shot through dered a handsome stalwart young fellow villager of eighteen, for the sake of his tallow. The story goes on to state that, having butchered their victim, these fiends ripped open the body, and tore out the epiploon, which they put up in a tin box, and carried home. Next came the melting-down process. The men's strange operations aroused the suspicions of their landlady-the more so, as ugly rumours of the poor young fellow's disappearance began to circulate-and she gave information in the proper quarter. In conclusion it is mentioned that the tin box and its contents have been handed to two well-known professors for examination. The above circumstantial account is from the St. Petersburg Novosti and Bourse Gazette of 9th to 21st June, which refers to the Kharkoff Government Gazette as its authority. True or not true, the charge is noteworthy, as bearing upon a very gruesome piece of thieves' folk-lore or black art. The curious will find some interesting particulars under the heading Men and Candles' (Adipocere) in the Mirror for 1828 (vol. xi. pp. 169; 274), but the above superstition is not mentioned there. St. Petersburg. H. E. M. THE BATTLE OF THE NILE.-One of Philadelphia's oldest citizens, whose bounteous hospitality in the "City of Brotherly Love" I have many time enjoyed, has sent me three engravings representing scenes in this great naval fight. Each engraving measures 2 ft. 4 in. by 1 ft. 6 in. They are dedicated "To the Right Honourable Admiral Lord Nelson of the Nile," his officers and his men, by "Robt. Dodd," who painted and engraved them. This artist published these engravings at 41, Charing Cross, London, February, 1799-the actual battle having taken place 1 August in the year before. There appear to have been four plates. The first in the series to hand is missing. No. 2 represents the condition of the fleets at are seen at every hand, but no flags are flying. Fair Park, Exeter. wrote my letter on the above subject in 8th S. viii. HENRY GREY, DUKE OF SUFFOLK.—When I 286, I overlooked a previous communication from the REV. E. M. TOMLINSON, formerly Vicar of Holy Trinity, Minories (6th S. xii. 302), in which he expresses the view that the head found and still Suffolk (father of Lady Jane Grey), executed in preserved in that church is not that of the Duke of 1554, under Queen Mary, but of the Earl of Suffolk (Edmund de la Pole), who was beheaded in the year 1513, in the reign of Henry VIII. This view seems to have been accepted by DR. SPARROW SIMPSON (see his letter, on which I commented, 8th S. viii. 242). But the point is still subject to doubt. Dr. Kinns, the present vicar, considers that the head may be that of the Duke of Suffolk, from the resemblance of the features to those of his portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, and also to one at Hatfield which is engraved in Lodge's 'Portraits. And, in reference to a remark by MR. TOMLINSON, he does not think there are marks of two cuts by the axe of the executioner, but, on the contrary, one of the vertebræ of the neck seems to have been cut through at one stroke. Dr. Kinns, I may remark, is preparing an elaborate work on the history of this church, in which the matter in question will be fully gone into, together with many other points of interest connected with the old priory and the present church. Blackheath. W. T. LYNN. MEALS OF OUR ANCESTORS.-Some time ago inquiry was made in N. & Q.' as to the hours at which our ancestors took their meals. The following abstract of a lecture delivered by Mr. D'Arcy Power at the London Institution will give information on the subject: "Mr. Power said the old English had three meals a day, of which the chief meal was taken when the work of the day was finished. The first meal was at 9, dinner was about 3 o'clock, and supper was taken just before bedtime. The Normans dined at the old English breakfast time or little later, and supped at 7 PM. In Tudor times the higher classes dined at 11 and supped at 5, but the merchants seldom took their meals before 12 and 6 o'clock. The chief meals, dinner and supper, were taken in the hall both by the old English and the Normans, for the parlour did not come into use until the reign of Elizabeth. Breakfast did not become a regular meal until quite lately, and Dr. Murray, in the Oxford Dictionary, gave 1463 as the date of the earliest quotation in which the word occurred. The meal did not become recognized until late in the seventeenth century, for Pepys habitually took his draught of half a pint of Rhenish wine or a dram of strong waters in place of a morning meal. Dinner was always the great meal of the day, and from the accession of Henry IV. to the death of Queen Elizabeth the dinners were as sumptuous and extravagant as any of those now served. Carving was then a fine art. Each guest brought his own knife and spoon, for the small fork was not introduced into England until Thomas Coryate, of Odcombe, published bis Crudities in 1611. Pepys took his spoon and fork with him to the Lord Mayor's feast in 1663. The absence of forks led to much stress being laid upon the act of washing the hands both before and after meals and to the rule that the left hand alone should be dipped into the common dish, the right hand being occupied with the knife. The perfect dinner at the best time of English cookery consisted of three courses, each complete in itself, and terminated by a subtlety or device, the whole being rounded off with Ypocras, after which the guests retired into another room, where pastry, sweetmeats, and fruit were served with the choicer wines. The English were essentially meat eaters, and it was not until the time of the Commonwealth that pudding attained its extraordinary popularity; indeed, the first mention of pudding in the menus of the 'Buckfeast' at St. Bartholomew's Hospital did not occur until 1710, and in 1712 is an item of 5s. for ice." E. LEATON-BLENKINSOPP. THOMAS DYCHE.-I much regret that in my notice of this delightful old pedagogue contributed to Dict. Nat. Biog.' (xvi. 282) I entirely overlooked the reference to him in Smeeton's Biog. Curiosa,' p. 13, where it is recorded that Thomas Dyche, "schoolmaster to the charity children of St. Andrew, Holborn, some time before his death (1719) made a solemn vow not to shift his linen till the Pretender was seated on the throne." about 1795, and went to a school at Gorleston kept by a Mr. Wright. He entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, but, for some reason, took no degree. His first curacy was at North Walsham, and in 1821 he held a curacy at Lynn, where he married Anna, eldest daughter of the Rev. Edward Edwards, sometime Fellow of Corpus Christi, Cambridge, and rector of the churchless parish of North Lynn, but lecturer at St. Margaret's, Lynn. In 1842 Mr. Edwards obtained, in addition to the above, the vicarage of East Winch, near Lynn, and Mr. Munford became his father-in-law's curate. On the death of Mr. Edwards, in 1849, Mr. Munford succeeded him as vicar of East Winch. This living he retained until his death on 17 May, 1871, and a large runic cross marks his burialplace in East Winch Churchyard. He left one son, who is now rector of Swanton Abbot, near Aylsham, and (for what reason I know not) calls himself Montford-the Rev. E. Edwards Montford. The Rev. George Munford was the author of :1. 'An Analysis of the Doomsday Book of the County of Norfolk,' published in 1858 by J. Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, W. 2. 'An Attempt to Ascertain the True Derivation of the Names of Towns and Villages, and of Rivers, &c., of the County of Norfolk,' 1870, commonly called 'Local Names in Norfolk.' 3. 'A List of Flowering Plants found growing wild in Western Norfolk,' 1841 (forty copies This list was printed for private circulation). prepared for the 1864 edition of White's 'Norfolk Directory.' Mr. Walter Rye, in his 'Norfolk Topography,' 1881 (preface, p. ix), states that Sir Henry Spelman's Icenia 'was being translated and annotated by the Rev. G. Munford, but he died before it was finished. " Mr. Rye adds, "I do not know if the MS. has been preserved.' I have reason to believe that it remains in the possession of the translator's son before mentioned. Persons interested in the history of Norfolk would be glad to see this work in print, but more, perhaps, for Mr. Munford's notes than for Spelman's rather superficial little uncom'Icenia' occupies pp. 135-162 of pleted essay. Reliquiæ Spelmannianæ, London, 1723. I have found Mr. Munford's 'Local Names in Norfolk' both useful and interesting, and I trust this little notice will tend to keep alive the author's name, and to acquit me of indifference to his reputation. As to the scientific value of his etymologies it would be interesting to have the opinion of such an expert as CANON TAYLOR. Norwich. JAMES HOOPER. THACKERAYANA.-The following story was lately told to me by an American professor. Thackeray, at the time he was writing 'The Virginians,' was dining |