May Numerals qualify or specify each other? When is it improper to use Specifying Adjectives? What is an Adverb? ADVERBS. Adverbs mo tity what classes of words? An Adverb may consist of what? Negative Adverbs have what peculiarity? What Adverbs are Independent in Construction? When may two Negatives be allowed in a Sentence? Adverbs may take the place of what other class of words? What should be the position of Adverbs? PREPOSITION. Rule 12. A Preposition shows a relation of its object to the word which its Phrase qualifies. OBS. 1.-The object of a Preposition may be A Nonn. An Adjective A Senience. "Comes there from Siberian WASTES of SNOW." "He has faded from earth like a star from on high." "TO SLEEP-perchance to DREAM!” "From AMONG THOUSAND CELESTIAL ARDORS." "TO WHERE the river mixes with the main." Rem. A perfect construction of the last and similar examples would supply a Noun, as the object of the Preposition. EXAMPLE TO [the point] where the river mixes with the main." Rem.-Scholars often find it difficult to determine the Antecedent term of a relation expressed by a Preposition-examples sometimes occur in which the relation of the object of a Preposition seems to exist, not to any word, but to the whole Sentence. Generally, however, this question can be settled by ascertaining which word is qualified by the Phrase introduced by a Preposition-that word is the Antecedent term of relation. EXAMPLE." The doctor is a man of science." Here the Phrase "of science" qualifies "man"-hence, "man Antecedent term of relation--and the Phrase is Adjective. " is the Here "o'er the lea" modifies "winds "aence, "winds" is the Antecedent-and the Phrase is Adverbial. PREPOSITIONS-POSITION. CALIFORN 177 "And leave the world to darkness and to me Here "to darkness and to me" modifies "leave "-hence leave is the Antecedent-and the Phrase is Adverbial. "Which flung its purple o'er his path to heaven." Here" to heaven" modifies leading (or a word of similar office), unEerstood-hence, leading" is the proper Antecedent-and the Phrase is Ad erbial. But the Complex Phrase, "leading to heaven" qualifies path"- hence, "path" is its Antecedent-and the Complex Phrase, "leading to heaven," is Adjective. [See page 94, note.] OBS. 2.-Double Prepositions are sometimes allowed. "There can be no question as to which party must yield." OBS. 3.—But two Prepositions should not be used, when one of them will fully express the sense intended. EXAMPLES "Near to this dome is found a path so green."-Shenstone. "Not for to hide it in a hedge."-- Burns. OBS. 4.-Prepositions are sometimes used in predication with Verbs. EXAMPLE-Its idle hopes are o'er. Rem. This construction of the Preposition obtains most frequently with the Passive Voice of Verbs whose Active form would be modified by a Phrase; on changing the voice of the Verb from Active to Passive, the Preposition introducing that Phrase is retained in predication. EXAMPLES. Active.... .I have attended to your business. Passive... Your business has been attended to by me. ...... POSITION. OBS. 5.-The proper place for a Preposition is (as its name implies) before the Phrase which it introduces. EXAMPLES" IN dread, IN danger, and alone, Famished and chilled THROUGH ways unknown." OBS. 6. But, by the poets, it is often placed after its object. EXAMPLE. "What seemed his head, The likeness of a kingly crown had on."-Milton. OBS. 7-And sometimes in colloquial style. EXAMFLE "You will have no mother or sister to go to.”—Abbott. Rem. This idiom is inelegant, and not to be recommended. OBS. 8.-A Preposition commonly indicates the office of the Phrase which it introduces. EXAMPLE [See page 95.] NOTE I. Care should be exercised in the choice of Prepositions. OBS. 1. The particular Preposition proper to introduce a given Phrase depends 1. Usually on the word which the Phrase is to qualify. 2. Sometimes on the object of the Phrase. OBS. 2.-When the second term of a Comparison is expressed by a Phrase After a Superlative, the Preposition of is commonly used. After a Comparative, the Preposition than is commonly used. EXAMPLES-Grammar is the most interesting of all my studies. Grammar is more interesting than all my other studies. OBS. 3. When the second term of a Comparison of equality is a Noun, or Pronoun, the Preposition as is commonly usedsometimes like is used. EXAMPLES" He hath died to redeem such a rebel as me."—Wesley. "An hour LIKE this, may well display the emptiness of human grandeur." OBS. 4.-Some writers substitute the words for and with. EXAMPLES. "It implies government of the very same kind WITH THAT which a master exercises over his servants."-Bp. Butler. "Mr. Secor found means to have Mr. Butler recommended to him [Lord Talbot] for his chaplain."-Life of Dr. Butler. OBS. 5.-Adverbial Conjunctions are sometimes used for Ad· verbial Phrases. EXAMPLES-Where-for in which. When for at which time. "O impotent estate of human life, Where Hope and Fear maintain eternal strife !" "So said, he o'er his sceptre bowing, rose From the right hand of glory where he sat."-Milton. CONJUNCTIONS. Rule 13. Conjunctions introduce Sentences and connect Words and Phrases. Rem.-Conjunctions differ from Prepositions in not expressing a relation of the words connected. OBS. 1.-Conjunctions may be omitted when the connection is sufficiently clear without them. EXAMPLES" Unnun bered systems, [ ] suns, and worlds, While thy majestic greatness fills Space, [ ] Time, [ ] Eternity." OBS. 2.-The position of Sentences often determines their connection. EXAMPLES "The time may come you need not run.”—Thomson. "Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour- [For] England hath need of thee."- -Wordsworth. OBS. 3.-Relative Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives derived from them. serve, in addition to their primary office, to introduce Auxiliary Sentences. EXAMPLES" He who filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him." "Lo the poor Indian whose untutored mind Sees God in clouds or hears him in the wind." "Tho hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea." OBS. 4.-The Conjunction that often introduces a sentence which is the logical object of a verb or participle going before in construction. EXAMPLE" The creditor demanded that payment should be made." [See Diagram, p. 32.] OBS. 5.-Conjunctions that introduce Auxiliary Sentences, and some others, indicate the offices of the Sentences which they ntroduce. If, Unless, &c., indicate condition. As, When, Before, &c., indicate time. For, Hence, Therefore, &c., indicate an inference or cause. But, Yet, Nevertheless, &c., indicates restriction or opposition. Nor, Neither, &c., indicate a negation. EXAMPLES" If sinners entice thee, consent thou not." Speak of me as I am-nothing extenuate Nor set down aught in malice." OBS. 6. The Adverb "how" is sometimes improperly used instead of the Conjunction "that." EXAMPLE" She tells me how with eager speed He flew to hear my vocal reed.”—Shenstone. OBS. 7.-Conjunctions sometimes introduce the remnant of a Sentence. EXAMPLE-Though [ ] afflicted he is happy. OBS. 8. Words connected by Conjunctions have a similar construction. EXAMPLES " God created the heaven AND the earth." Rem. "Time slept on flowers, AND lent his glass to hope." -"Heaven" and "earth are alike Objects of "created." OBS. 9.—But they have not necessarily similar modifications. EXAMPLE" Every teacher has and must have his own particular way of imparting knowledge."-McElligott. Rem.-"Has" and "must have" are Predicates of "teacher"-but they are not of the same Mode nor Tense. OBS. 10.-Position.-The proper place for a Conjunction is before the sentence which it introduces, and between the words or phrases which it connects. EXAMPLE" AND there lay the rider, distorted and pale, With the dew on his brow AND the rust on his mail." OBS. 11.-But, in complex sentences, the Conjunction introducing the Principal Sentence is commonly placed first, and that introducing the Auxiliary Sentence immediately following. EXAMPLE" AND when its yellow lustre smiled O'er mountains yet untrod, Each MOTHER HELD aloft her CHILD To bless the bow of God." |