JOHN John is sleepy. 2. IS SLEEPY. A Sentence-because it is "an assemblage of words, so ar ranged as to assert a fact." ANALYSIS. "John," is the subject-for it is the name of the person cerning whom something is asserted." "Is sleepy," is the predicate-for these two words " what is affirmed of the subject." express Rem.—In a limited sense, a verb may be said to qualify or describe its subject. EXAMPLES-John sleeps. Here "sleeps" describes a condition of " John." Here" is sleeping" asserts a condition of "John." In this sentence, "is sleepy" asserts a condition as definitely as do the words, "is sleeping" and the genius of the language requires the word "sleeping" to be added to the verb "is," in order to express the fact intended; so the other fact concerning "John" requires the word "sleepy" to be added to the verb "is." The sentence is not, sleeping John is-i.e. exists; nor is the other, sleepy John is-i. e. exists; but "John is sleeping," and "John is sleepy." Sleeping" is a participle, in predication with "is." "Sleepy" is an adjective, in predication with “is.” Let the Pupil, in like manner, construe and place in Diagrams the following additional William is diligent, James was weary. Flowers are beautiful. Examples. Velvet feels smooth. Soldiers waxed valiant.. “His palsied hand wax'd strong.”—Wilson., "The rolling year is full of thee." "The very streams look languid from afar.” "The sun looked bright, the morning after."-Sterne. "Vanity often renders man contemptible." "When his weak hand grew palsied, and his eye Dark with the mists of age, [it was his time to die.]'—Bryant. Rem.-If I say, Students deserve approbation, I make an "unqualified assertion"-applicable to all students, and to the approbation of all persons. But if I say, Diligent students deserve the approbation of their teacher, I speak only of a particular class of students-and of approbation, as limited to a particular source; for the word "student" is limited by the word "diligent;" and the word "approbation," by the word "the," and by the phrase "of their teacher." These words and phrases are necessary, not to make the sentence, but to perfect the sense; they are joined to other words, and are therefore called adjuncts. Def. 24. An Adjunct is a word, phrase, or sentence, used to qualify or define another word, phrase, or sentence. 1. Word-"We were walking homeward." Whither? 2. Phrase "We were walking toward home." Whither? 3. Sentence" They kneeled before they fought." When? OBS. Some adjuncts are used to qualify the principal parts of a sentence, others to qualify other adjuncts. Hence, Adjuncts are Primary and Secondary. Def. 25. A Primary Adjunct is used to qualify one of the principal parts of a sentence. * God is the name of a being-Love is a name of an attribute of that being. "Is Love," expresses a fact concerning God; and that fact cannot well be expressed without these two words thus combined. EXAMPLES-The boy studies diligently-You have come late "Our national resources"-John's book is lost. Def. 26. A Secondary Adjunct is used to qualify another adjunct. EXAMPLES-The boy studies very diligently-You have come too late. OBS.-Adjuncts are adjectives or adverbs, or they are phrases and sentences used adjectively or adverbially. SENTENCES WITH THEIR ADJUNCTS. Our national resources are developed by an earnest culture of the arts of peace.' (4.) ARE DEVELOPED RESOURCES OUR NATIONAL BY Quest. Concerning what is an assertion here made? Ans. Concerning "resources." A What is asserted of "resources ?" Resources" are developed." What resources are developed? A "National" resources. What national resources? A. "Our" national resources. How are our national resources developed? A. "By an earnest culture of the arts of peace." By what culture? A. By "earnest" culture. What earnest culture? Quest. What are the principal parts of this sentence? Ans. "Resources are developed"-they "express the unqualified assertion." A. A. A. A. A. What is the Subject? “Resources”—it is the name of that, "concerning which something is affirmed." What is the Predicate? "Are developed"-they "express what is affirmed of the subject." What are the Adjuncts of "resources ?" "Our" and "national." What are the Adjuncts of "are developed?" The complex phrase, "by an earnest culture of the arts of peace." The words, “an,” and “earnest,” and the phrase," of the arts of peace." A. The word, "the" and the phrase, "of peace." DIAGRAMS. Prin. The office of a word in a sentence, determines its position in the diagram, according to the following GENERAL RULES. RULE 1. The principal parts of a sentence are placed uppermost, and on the same horizontal line; as 1, 2, 3. 2. The Subject of a sentence takes the first place; as 1. 3. The Predicate is placed to the right of the subjectattached; as 2—7—11—26. 4. The Object is placed to the right of the predicate; as 3. The object of a phrase is placed to the right of the word which introduces the phrase; as 22 to the right of 21. 5. A word, phrase, or sentence, is placed beneath the word which it qualifies; as 4 and 5 qualify 1,—(25, 26, x) qualify 22. 6. A word used to introduce a phrase, is placed beneath the word which the phrase qualifies—having its object to the right and connecting both; as 15 connecting 12 and 16-21 connecting 3 and 22. 7.. A word used only to connect, is placed between the two words connected; as 10 between 7 and 11; and a word used to introduce a sentence, is placed above the predicate of the sentence, and attached to it by a line; as 0 above 2. 8. A word relating back to another word, is attached to the antecedent by a line; as 6 attached to 1, and x to 22. Explanation of the preceding Diagram. 0-Introduces a sentence, 1-Subject, Principal 2-Predicate of 1, parts. 3-Object of 2. 4 and 5 individually, and 6 to 19 inclusive, 7-Predicate of 6, 8 and 9-Modify 7, Rule 7. 66 2. 10-Connects 7 and 11, 11-Predicate of 6, 3. 4. 5. 5. 5. 6. 12-Object of 11, 13,14, (15, 16, 17, 18, 19)-Qualify or define 12," x-Object (understood) of 26 and relating to 22, |