VI. POSITION OF ILLE

The demonstrative ille as an adjective occurs 235 times in Gellius, much less frequently than hic. Its position with reference to the noun shows considerable variety, but not so much as the position of hic. Ille is commonly used to point out what is remote in place, in time, or in thought ', and it is in this respect opposed to hic. Besides the simple use of ille in the position before the noun, which is regular for demonstrative adjectives, it has other uses in other positions which will be noted later. It is convenient to consider the position of ille under two general heads, viz., A. ille as the sole modifier in its phrase; B. ille used with other modifiers in its phrase. The second group comprises nearly three fourths of the total occurrences of ille.

A. ILLE THE SOLE MODIFIER IN ITS PHRASE (62)

1. Ille immediately before the noun (40). In this, its normal position, ille commonly refers to what has been said before, but more remotely than what is referred to by hic: I 8.5 ad hanc ille Demosthenes clanculum adit.

When ille looks forward to a relative clause for its definition it may mean "the well known ", as in II 18.7 ille Menippus fuit, cuius libros M. Varro in saturis aemulatus est.

Ille may convey a feeling of personal aloofness or disapproval on the part of the writer or speaker, often with a noun of disparaging meaning, as in IV 1.13 tum ille ostentator voce iam molli atque demissa...inquit. Occasionally ille is found where one would expect is or hic: XI 18.3 is Draco leges, quibus Athenienses uterentur, primus omnium tulit. in illis legibus.

It is also found as predicate it the position before the noun: VII 7.1 Accae Larentiae et Gaiae Taraciae, sive illa Fufetia est, nomina in antiquis annalibus celebria sunt.

Besides the above examples, ille stands immediately before the noun in the passages given below. The masculine nominative singular includes nearly one half of them all:

1. Lane, 2358; Fischer, p. 44.

75

:

ille III 9.6 V 14.11; 21.6: VI 1.4; 8.7; 17.5, 13: XII 1.23: XIH 19.3: XV 2.4; 30.2: XVII 9. 16 : XIX 1.18; 10.6; 11.2; 13.5. illius (m.): III 3.4 (doubtful text). illi (m. dat.): III 7.18. illum: XIX 8.9. illo (m.) IX 14.8. illis (m. abl.): VII 3.1 : IX 4.6.

illa (f. nom.): XIII 25.2: XVII 10.3; 13.3. illam : IV 5.3. illa (f. abl.): I 6.5: XII 5.5: XIII 5.10: XVI 2.8. illae : IX 3.3. illud (nom.): IV 20.8. illius (n.): I 21.4. illud (acc.): III 15.2. illo (n.): VI 1.5.

2. Ille precedes and is separated from the noun (9). In this position ille has the same uses that were illustrated above. The usual effect of separation before the noun is to single out the demonstrative for special emphasis, usually in contrast, especially with certain types of separators. Here are placed only those cases of ille separated before the noun in which the separator is not an additional modifier. The variety of these extraneous separating elements after ille is small. They include conjunctions (2), adverbs (4) preposition (1), relative clause (2), verb (1), genitive noun (1). Ille is thus separated in :

II 1.5 in illius etiam pestilentiae vastitate, quae... civitatem... depopulata est, "even in the desolation of that (famous) plague ". II 23.14 de illo quoque loco: VI 1.10 illo quoque loco: VII 6. lem. quid illae sint aves: X 22. 24 non de illa scilicet philosophia :XIII 20.11 ille autem pronepos: XIV 2.6 illum autem, unde petebatur, hominem : XVII 11.6 illam, de qua Erasistratus dixerat, eniyλwrτídx: XVIII 1.5 ille contra Peripateticus.

3. Ille immediately following the noun (8). In this position ille is infrequent as the sole modifier. The inversion of the order of words in most of these examples has no explanation from the viewpoint of emphasis. Ille was sometimes used in Latin for the definite article 2, as for example Medea illa, which rendered the Greek phrase & Midela, "the famous Medea ". In the majority of these eight passages ille has the force of the article. It is worth nothing that most of them occur in chapters taken from Greek sources :

a) II 29.7 dominus postea segetum illarum filium adulescentem vocat, afterwards the owner of the crops calls his youthful son".

Gellius is here relating a fable taken ostensibly from Aesopus 3. It is greatly elaborated in form and the nearest equivalent to segetum

2. Meader, The Latin Pronouns, p. 198.

3. Hosius, praef. XXIX, on the immediate source of the chapter gives : ex Ennii saturis ".

illarum in the original is the phrase ts apoúpns. Almost certainly Gellius in this passage was striving to write rhythmical prose. Every other word appears put in to receive the repose of the accent; the essential words for the thought are: dominus...segetum...filium... vocat. The next occurs in a story taken from Apion Plistonices:

b) V 14.17 ut mihi a domino, terrae illius praeside, tutiores latebrae forent.

c) V 21.3 sed, opinor, assidua veterum scriptorum tractatione inoleverat linguae illius vox, quam in libris saepe offenderat.

Here, however, linguae is probably dative case with the verb inoleverat, and illius for eius as the possessive genitive which limits linguae. d) XI 12.3 ambigui enim verbi natura illa esse debuit.

ille

e) XIX 5.8 indicium illud est.

The source of d) is Chrysippus, and of e) Aristotle. In the first may be predicate with esse and in the second the subject.

f) XIV 2.25 ita iudicatu illo solutus sum: g) XV 31.2 in obsidione illa (text uncertain): h) XVI 8.11 de Scipione illo.

4. Ille follows and is separated from the noun (5). Five passages have ille in this position. In these the noun is stressed in contrast or in introducing a new topic. The separating words are all of the type which stress the first word:

I 15.15. Epicharmium quoque illud non inscite se habet: II 7.14 conclusio vero illa: III 10.5 dies deinde illos: VI 17.12 at nebulo quidem ille: XV 31.4 imagine quoque illa.

B. ILLE USED WITH OTHER MODIFIERS IN THE PHRASE

The rhetorical quality of Gellius' style in one particular direction is illustrated by the accumulation of complements or modifiers with the substantives. When ille is one of a number of modifiers there may be one of five principal types of word-order. The position of ille under this general head will be considered under these five types of word-order within the phrase. Each type takes account of the three leading elements of the phrase: ille, the noun, and the adjective or its equivalent. These parts may themselves have modifiers. The general types are:

I. ille noun + modifier.

2. ille + modifier + noun.

3. noun + ille + modifier (or appositive).

4. modifier + ille + noun.

5. modifier + noun + ille.

1. The order of words in the first type of phrase is not very frequent (14). The initial demonstrative of the phrase has its usual force. The noun as the middle element is sometimes, but not always, the weakest part. In a number of instances the separation of the parts of the phrase by extraneous elements adds emphasis to the part that is separated. Sometimes such an hyperbaton merely effects a rhetorical interlocking of phrases. Since the general types of separating words and the general effect of separation, which have been studied under is, idem, hic above, are the same for this demonstrative, no detailed classification of the separators here is made. The examples with this order of words are:

:

Praef. 3 eadem rerum disparilitas, quae fuit in illis annotationibus pristinis, 20 ille homo festivissimus : III 10.8 illam quoque vim numeri huius observatam: IV 9.4 illa quoque vocabula ab eadem profecta origine V 3.4 cum illo genere oneris tam impedito: X 19.2 ne illius. quidem Demosthenis vestri; 24.5 illius versus Pomponiani: XIII 19.3 ille versus non minus notus; 25. 12 ille iam tunc M. Cato antiquissimus: XV 3.8 in illo versu Homeri; 11.3 neque illis solum temporibus nimis rudibus: XIX 1.5 inque illo tumultu caeli marisque, 12 quaenam illa ratio esset pavoris sui : XX 1.14 illa lex talionis.

2. The order of words in the second type of phrase (44 times) also has ille at the beginning, but the noun comes third and the adjective, or its equivalent in the genitive of a noun, stands second. The demonstrative has about the same force as in the first type. It is possible in some of the examples to detect a weakening from the true demonstrative force to that of the definite article. A common position of the attributive adjective in Greek is between the article and the noun. The order of words, ille + gen. case + noun, seems to reproduce the effect of the word-order in a Greek phrase like αἱ τῶν Πελοποννησίων νῆες (Xenoph. Hellen. I 1). Separation of the parts of the phrase is common with this order of words. Strengthening adverbs and conjunctions that stress the word which they follow are frequent. The examples of this order of words are:

ille: I 2.6 dissertationum Epicteti digestarum ab Arriano primum librum in quo ille venerandus senex iuvenes... incessuit, 13 his ille auditis insolentissimus adulescens; 11.9 ille vult ardentissimus clamor militum Romanorum; 23. 13 ille unus Papirius: II 15.6 ille pristinus honos: XIII 31.13 ille egregius nebulo: XV 9.6 ille semidoctus grammaticus: XVII 5.9 ille rhetoricus artifex.

illius (m.): II 30.4 illius infusi desuper spiritus.

illo (m.): I 3.1 ex illo incluto numero sapientium: II 3.6 in illo quoque Vergili versu: XIII 21.12 in illo quoque itidem Vergilii versu : XVII 21.4 ex illo nobili numero sapientium: XVIII 3.5 ex illo principum ordine; 9.5 ex illo Homeri versu: XIX 8.6 in illo memoratissimo libro.

illi (m. nom.): IV 15.6 illi malivoli reprehensores.

illos: XX 1.4 illos duodecim libros Platonis.

illis (m. abl.): II 30.6 ex illis quoque Homericis versibus: VI 2.1 in illis celebratissimis commentariis: XVI 8. 17 in illis dialecticae gyris: XX 1.3 in illis tunc eorum sermonibus.

illa (f. nom.): I 23.11 illa mulierum intemperies: V 14.23 illa tunc mea opera et medulla: XI 2.6 illa quoque ex eodem libro praeclarae veritatis sententia: XIII 25. 18 illa quoque aput eundem poetam una in duobus verbis sententia, 20 ne illa quidem significationis eiusdem repetitio: XIV 2.3 illa mihi tunc accidit inexplicabilis reperiendae sententiae ambiguitas: XIX 8.2 illa quodam die sermocinatio: XX 1.53 illa etiam ex duodecim tabulis de testimoniis falsis poena.

illa (f. abl.). XVI 5.10 ab illa ergo grandis loci consistione. illas: X 28.1 illas quinque classes: XVIII 6.3 illas Melissi proprietates: XX 5.5 illas vero exotericas auditiones.

illud (nom.): I 9. 12 tamquam illud fuit anticum consortium. illius (n.): III 9.7 illius quoque veteris proverbii.

illud (acc.): praef. 12 illud Ephesii viri summe nobilis verbum : I 8.4 illud frequens apud Graecos adagium: V 11.1 illud Biantis, viri sapientis ac nobilis, responsum: XVII 11.5 in illud quasi aestuantis animae iter.

illo (n.): V 8.10 illo Homerico verbo: X 27.3 in illo utriusque populi verbo.

illis (n. dat.): I 14.2 illis omnibus membris.

illis (n. abl.): XX 5.7 in illis tamen tantis negotiis.

3. In the third type, ille stands in the midst of the phrase (66 examples). The third element is often an adjective, but also not infrequently a genitive, or a noun in apposition to the noun at the beginning. Sometimes it is the initial noun which is emphasized by the reversal of the order of words which places the demonstrative after the noun 4. This is true when no other modifiers of the noun follow ille. When another modifier or an appositive follows, then a different type of phrase is produced. In many of the examples ille belongs closely with the last

4. Marouzeau, p. 158.