responding to his reputation as an author. His voice is said to be weak, his elocution somewhat hesitating, and his style more florid than accords with the taste of that assembly. To these circumstances, as well as to a real, or perhaps only seeming, effort on his part, by his dress, manner, and appearance generally, to attract attention to himself, it is attributable that, notwithstanding the zealous support he has uniformly given to the prominent measures of the whig party, his influence with them and in parliament, is comparatively limited.-On the occasion of the queen's coronation, Bulwer was created a baronet. His elder brother, Henry Lytton Bulwer, born in 1801, has als, distinguished himself as a writer: he is the author of

France, social, literary, and political," and of the "Monarchy of the Middle Classes," both of them evincing much talent. He has been a member of Parliament, and has filled successively the post of secretary of the British legation at Brussels, Constantinople, and Paris.

might obtain the means of hearing Pa- | House of Commons in a degree at all corganini. To rival this great master was, from this time forth, the object of his ambition. Having, at length, given a concert, with some success, at Paris, he travelled to Italy; but his prospects there were very unpromising, until, in a concert at Bologna, he was called upon to supply the place of Bériot, who was unable to perform through indisposition. So powerful was the impression which he then made, that his reputation was soon extended throughout all Italy, and a brilliant career was thus suddenly opened to him. Returning to Paris, he met there with an enthusiastic reception. His journeys through France, Italy, England, Russia, Denmark, and Norway, were so many triumphal progresses; and everywhere, it is with Paganini only that the most competent judges undertake to compare him. In 1843, he came over to the United States; where, it is scarcely necessary to say, he fully realized the expectations which the report of his performances, on the other side of the Atlantic, had excited. BUNSEN (Christian Charles Josias, CheBULMER* retired from the printing busi-valier de), Prussian ambassador in Lonness in 1819, and died in 1830. don, was born, August 25th 1791, at CorBULWER.* Since 1832, Bulwer has pur-bach in the county of Waldeck, in Gersued his career as an author, in general, many. He studied at Göttingen, and apwith distinguished success. The novels plied himself especially, under the direcalready mentioned have been followed by tion of Heyne, to philological pursuits. "The Pilgrims of the Rhine," "The Last His progress in these was rapid, and such Days of Pompeii,' Rienzi," "Ernest as to promise a high degree of future emiMaltravers," Alice," "Night and Morn- nence. | He obtained the prize in the uni ing," “Zanoni," and "The Last of the versity for an essay "De jure AtheniensiBarons." His "Student" comprises the um hæreditario" (1813). Shortly afterbest of a series of papers originally pub- wards, he was appointed one of the inlished in the "New Monthly Magazine," structors in the Göttingen gymnasium; an under the title of "The Conversations of office which he, however, declined, to go an Ambitious Student." 66 England and to Paris, that he might have the assistance the English" is a book in which, while of Sylvestre de Sacy, and other orientalhe has been guilty of some extravagances, ists resident in that capital, in acquiring a he has, in the main, given a correct deli- knowledge of the Sanscrit language. From neation of persons and things. He appears Paris he went to Italy; and having waited to great advantage, also, in his historical for some time in vain at Florence for an work, "Athens, its Rise and Fall." Lat- Englishman, in company with whom he terly, too, he has attempted dramatic com- had engaged to go on a journey to Hinposition; but with a success decidedly dostan, he proceeded to Rome, where he inferior to that achieved by him as a no- had the good fortune to make the acquaintvelist. The plays written by him are ance of Niebuhr, who was at the time the "The Duchess of Vallière," "The Lady ambassador of the king of Prussia to the of Lyons," "Richelieu," ""The Sea Cap- Pope. Bunsen was induced by the advantain," and "Money." All of them were tages, which he derived from a familiar brought on the stage by Mr. Macready; intercourse with such a man as Niebuhr, and all of them, the first-mentioned ex- to prolong his stay at Rome, in the capacepted, were very favourably received by city of the latter's private secretary. By the public. The only one, however, which the recommendation and influence, too, of retains a considerable share of popularity, this friend, he obtained, before long, the is the "Lady of Lyons."-Bulwer has not appointment of secretary of the Prussian distinguished himself as a debater in the legation. On occasion of the king of Prus❤

gone. He gave out that all he had desired had been accomplished; and he then seldom appeared in his seat in Parliament. He has since thrown himself into the arms of the tories, and has thereby rendered himself politically insignificant.

sia's visit to Italy in 1822, Bunsen made so favourable an impression on that monarch, as to be appointed, when Niebuhr returned to Germany, to be his chargé d'affaires at Rome, and not long afterward received the appointment of minister resident there. -In consequence of his association with BÜRG* (John Tobias) was a native of Niebuhr, the attention of Bunsen, while Vienna. In 1813, he lost his hearing, residing in Italy, was directed, in a greater from the effects of a cold which he had degree than before, to the literature and taken. From this period, he resided at antiquities of the classic ages. He became Wiesenau in Carinthia, holding very little a principal contributor to the great work intercourse with his fellow-men, or with published by Cotta, under the title of "De- the sciences, and employing himself almost scription of the city of Rome;" and, taking exclusively with the birds and other ania deep interest in the inquiries of Cham-mated inhabitants of the woods, till his pollion and others into the system of Egyp-death, on the 25th of November 1834. tian hieroglyphics, he exerted himself BURGESS. See Parliamentary Reform. successfully to induce the Academy of BURG-GRAVE; a title which was bestowed Sciences at Berlin to employ Dr. Lepsius, in Germany, in the middle ages, upon the to prosecute systematically similar inqui- military commandant of a town or strongries in Egypt, during a period of several hold, who possessed at the same time a years. He was also a most active mem- right of jurisdiction over the inhabitants. ber, and secretary, of the Archæological Some of these burg-graves contrived to Institute, founded by Gerhard at Rome. render the title hereditary in their famiAt length, the differences which arose, in lies, and even to extend their authority relation to ecclesiastical affairs, between over considerable districts. Such, for exthe Pope and the king of Prussia, led to ample, were the burg-graves of MagdeBunsen's recall from his post. After pass-burg, of Friedberg, and of Nuremberg. ing some time at Munich, in Bavaria, he travelled into England. But in the end of the year 1839, we find him residing at Berne, in Switzerland, as Prussian ambassador to the Swiss Confederacy. Towards the end of 1841, he removed to London, to be the representative of his sovereign at the court of St. James. Very lately he has published a work on ancient Egypt.

BURDETT* (Sir Francis) was born on the 25th of January 1770, and is descended from an ancient family, who have had their seat in the county of Derby from the time of William the Conqueror. His public career, down to the year 1815, has been already noticed. In 1818, he reproduced his plan for a radical reform of the House of Commons; and, in 1819, he resisted the measures proposed by Lord Castlereagh against the liberty of the press. Nevertheless, his zeal in behalf of liberal principles gradually abated. In the debates which took place on the bill restricting the importation of corn into Great Britain, he spoke in favour of that measure, and in support of the peculiar interests of the landed aristocracy. He was, however, an advocate for catholic emancipation, in 1827 and 1828; and was so zealous a supporter of the reform bill, in 1832, as to justify a popular insurrection in its behalf. After the final passage of this bill, and the triumph of the whigs, his occupation, as a liberal politician, seemed to be suddenly

BURKE; the particular mode of putting an individual to death employed by a villain of the name of Burke, at Edinburgh, in Scotland, in 1827 and 1828, and employed by him for the purpose of selling the bodies of his victims as subjects for anatomical dissection. While he or an accomplice held the legs and arms of the victim, the other of the two stifled him by closing his mouth and nostrils. Burke suffered the extreme penalty of the law for his crimes.

BURNOUF.* Of his commentary, before referred to, on the "Vendidad-Sade" of Zoroaster, styled the "Commentaire sur le Yaçna," a volume appeared in 1835. He has, besides, facilitated the understanding of the Zend-Avesta, in the Zend language, by several articles inserted in the Journal asiatique" and in the "Journal des savants. The attention paid by him to the ancient language of Persia led him, in the next place, to attempt the decyphering of the Persopolitan cuneiform inscriptions, in his "Mémoire sur deux inscriptions cunéiformes" (1836); an attempt, however, which has been surpassed by the labours of Lassen and Beer. For the "Collection orientale" he published the text, accompanied by a French translation, of the "Bhagavat-Purâna," a system of Indian mythology and tradition (1840). Latterly, he has been busily occupied in translating some of the sacred

works of the Buddhists, written in the | himself by his bravery, vigilance, and

Sanscrit language.

skill, and had been repeatedly selected by Washington to execute his commands on important emergencies, although that great man, and admirable judge of character, had formed but a low estimate of his

BURR (Colonel Aaron) was born on the 6th of February 1756, at Newark, in New Jersey. His father, the Rev. Aaron Burr, was the first president of the College of New Jersey, which was opened at New-principles and morals. -On retiring from ark, but was subsequently removed to the army, and after an interval of repose Princeton; his mother was the daughter required for the restoration of his health, of the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, so distin- Colonel Burr applied himself to the study guished as a metaphysician and divine, of the law, as well to provide himself with and who succeeded his son-in-law in the an adequate field for distinction among his presidency of the college. The former countrymen in his future life, as to repair died in 1757, and the latter in the follow- the pecuniary losses which he had ining year, leaving only two children, Aaron curred, during the period of his military and a daughter, afterwards the wife of service, by the liberality and extravaJudge Tappan Reeve, of Connecticut. gance of his expenditure. He commenced Colonel Burr inherited from his father a the practice of his profession at Albany, in considerable property. He was graduated the month of April 1782, and married in at Princeton when only 16 years old. July following. As soon as the British When in his 20th year, he joined the troops had evacuated the city of New American army, after the battle of Bun- York, at the conclusion of the war, in Noker's Hill, in the neighbourhood of Bos-vember 1783, he removed thither, where ton. Here he volunteered to accompany he speedily acquired an extensive and luGeneral Arnold in the expedition against Quebec. This officer led the detachment under his command into Canada, by way of the Kennebec, and through the wilderness between the St. Lawrence and the settlements in the region now constituting the state of Maine. On his arrival at Chaudière pond, Burr was sent with a communication to General Montgomery, who was advancing from the state of New York with the forces under his immediate orders; and who was so much pleased with the young messenger as to appoint him to be one of his aides-de-camp. In this capacity Burr was present at the battle of Quebec, and near the person of the general when he was killed. On his return from Canada, in May 1776, he proceeded to the city of New York, on being "notified verbally that it would be agree able to the commander-in-chief" that he should do so. But it would seem that Colonel (then already Major) Burr, for some reason or other, failed to make a favourable impression personally on General Washington. He, in consequence, became, in his turn, dissatisfied, and even inclined to quit the service; when, through the instrumentality of Governor Hancock, he obtained the appointment of aide-decamp to General Putnam,-an appointment which he gladly accepted. In July 1777, he was promoted to the rank of a lieutenant-colonel; but was obliged, in March 1779, to resign his commission in the army, on account of the impaired state of his health. He had, on various occasions, during the war, highly distinguished

crative practice. He was a member of the Legislature during the sessions of 1784 and 1785; but as that body met in the city where he resided, and as he took part in its deliberations only on a few of the most important questions which came before it for its decision, his professional avocations suffered scarcely any interruption; and it was only after the existing constitution of the Union went into operation that he became prominent as a party politician. In 1789, he was appointed attorney-general of the state. In January 1791, he was elected a senator of the United States; and he took his seat in that body in the autumn of that year. He was appointed, in October 1792, to be a judge of the supreme court of the state of New York, but declined the appointment; preferring to hold his position in the U. S. Senate, as one of the most prominent leaders of the party (the democratic) to which he belonged. At the presidential election which took place in the autumn of 1800, an equal number of votes were found to have been given for the two highest candidates on the list, Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr; and it, in consequence, devolved on the members of the House of Representatives, voting by states, to decide which of these gentlemen should hold the office of president, and which of them that of vice-president. Notwithstanding that, prior to the choice of electors, Mr. Jefferson was alone intended, by the party that nominated him, as their candidate for the presidency, it was not until after 36 ballotings that the contest was decided

་

BURSARS; the name at present given in Scotland to persons who are enabled to prosecute their studies at a university, by means of funds derived from endowments.

in his favour. From this time forth, as [extent.-In 1816, General Toledo, then in from the circumstances of the case might the city of New York, and whose object naturally have been expected, Colonel in visiting the United States was "not Burr lost the confidence of the majority only to obtain the means of continuing of his former political friends; and the at- the war (of Mexico against Spain), but to tempts which he made to ingratiate him- seek the person best capable of employing self with those to whom he had been here- them," invited him to "assume the matofore opposed were only partially success-nagement" of the "political and military ful. In 1804, he was a candidate for the affairs" of the Mexican republic. Colonel office of governor of New York, but failed Burr declined this invitation. But again, of being elected. He was supported by a in 1819, he received a commission from portion of both the political parties; by a the government of Venezuela, authorizing minority of the democrats, and a majority him to raise troops for the sea and land of the federalists. Of the latter party, service of that republic, and pledging General Hamilton had been one of those itself to pay all debts of his contracting who most earnestly opposed him; and a in the exercise of the authority granted duel took place, on the 11th of July, him.-Colonel Burr died on the 14th of between these distinguished men, grow- September 1836, in the 81st year of his ing out of their rivalship and adverse re-age, on Staten Island, where he had passed lation to each other. Burr was the chal- the summer for the benefit of the pure air. lenger, conceiving himself to have been Agreeably to his own request, his body injuriously spoken of at the period of the was conveyed to Princeton, to be there preceding election by Hamilton, who was buried. mortally wounded in the encounter. Colonel Burr continued at his post in the Senate of the United States till within two days of the expiration of his term of service as vice-president; the last public duty of any importance performed by him having been to preside at the trial of Judge Chase, who was impeached by the House of Representatives for "high crimes and misdemeanours." It was not very long afterwards that he formed the scheme of his singular, and even yet not satisfactorily explained, western expedition, which led to his arrest, and trials at Richmond, in Virginia, in August and September 1807, for treason first, and then for a misdemeanour. He was acquitted on both these charges. In June 1808, he embarked from New York for England; induced to take this step, in a certain degree, by the personal and political prejudices that had been excited against him, by the death of Hamilton, and by the equivocal course he had pursued in the western country, but, in a degree also, by an expectation of being able to obtain encouragement and assistance from some of the European governments, for attempting the emancipation of the Spanish American colonies from the oppressive domination of the mother country, a project which he had long contemplated. His efforts in this respect were, however, entirely unsuccessful; and he returned to the United States in June 1812, after an absence abroad of 4 years. He opened an office in the city of New York, and practised the law there, but without attracting the attention of the public to any considerable

BUSHIRE* has at present a population of from 12,000 to 15,000. The neighbouring island of Kharak was taken possession of by the English in 1837, but has since been abandoned by them. Should the Euphrates once again become, as is not improbable, a usual route of communication between Europe and India, Bushire cannot fail to rise into considerable importance.

BUTTMAN* died in 1829. His last work, published shortly before his death, is entitled "Mythologus, or Dissertations on the Traditions of Antiquity."

BUTTER TREE;* a remarkable plant found by Park in the interior of Africa, especially in Bambarra, yielding from its kernels, by pressure, a white, firm, rich butter, which, even in that climate, will keep well for a year without salt. Another species is the Phulwara tree of India (Bassia butyracea), whose seeds produce a firm, agreeable, buttery substance, of about the consistence and colour of hogs' lard; it is used medicinally in rheumatic affections. The Illupie tree of Coromandel (Bassia longifolia), and the Madhuca tree of Bengal (Bassia latifolia), are other species having similar properties. They are large trees belonging to the natural order Sapotaciæ, and their timber is sometimes of excellent quality.

BUTTURA.* In addition to the literary labours of Buttura already mentioned, he contributed many articles of literary criti

cism to the "Repertory of ancient and modern literature;" and he was the editor and annotator of a "Library of Italian poetry" (30 vols. 1820), of a "Library of Italian prose" (10 vols. 1825), of "The four great poets of Italy” (8 vols.), and lastly, of the "Speaking animals" of Casti.-His last work is an Italian and French, and a French and Italian dictionary, published in 1832. He died before having prepared the last two letters of it.

BYSTRÖM (Joh. Nicolaus), at present professor of the arts of design at Stockholm, was born December 18th 1783, at Philipstadt, in the Swedish province of Wärmeland. He was the favourite pupil of the sculptor Sergel, by whom his attention was particularly directed to the study

CAI

of the antique. Having obtained, in 1809, the prize awarded by the Academy of Sculpture, with which prize was connected a contribution in money to enable the receiver of it to travel for his improvement, he went, in the following year, to Rome; where he continued until 1815, when he returned to Stockholm. He now rendered himself generally known, and earned the patronage of the Crown Prince of Sweden, by a colossal statue of the latter. His works consist chiefly of statues of historical personages, but partly, also, of subjects taken from the mythology of the Greeks. These last, especially his figures of females and of children, have been much lauded for their grace and truth to nature.

C.

number of the Christinos prisoners; all of them became victims of his revenge. And henceforth he vied with Mina in putting to death without mercy those of the opposite faction who fell into his hands. -His career has been marked by many vicissi tudes; sometimes brilliantly successful, and penetrating into the remotest parts of Spain; at others a fugitive, and obliged to seek an asylum from his pursuers in the mountains of Catalonia and Aragon. In 1838, in acknowledgment of the services rendered by him to Don Carlos on the expedition of the latter to Madrid, and especially to commemorate his capture of the fortress of Morella, he was created count of Morella, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. Cabrera is, however still more a champion in what he regards to be the cause of the Catholic church, than he is an adherent of Don Carlos; so that, when this pretender to the crown of Spain found it expedient to quit the Spanish territory, he (Cabrera) undertook, from religious zeal, to continue the contest. It was not till the summer of 1840, that Espartero succeeded in expelling him from his fastnesses, and forced him, with the remnant of his followers, to take refuge in France. There he was, indeed, at first arrested, and conducted a prisoner to the fortress of Ham; but towards the close of the year 1840, he was set at liberty. In 1841, after only a short stay in the islands of Hières, he went to reside at Lyons.

ABRERA (Don Ramon), count of Mo- | of his mother's execution, he had taken a rella, the most distinguished, next to Zumala-Carreguy, among the generals who embraced the cause of Don Carlos in Spain, was born, August 31st 1810, at Tortosa, in Catalonia. His father, a merchant of that city, dying when he was quite young, he was almost wholly abandoned to his own inclinations and vicious propensities. He learned little or nothing at the schools where he was placed, kept bad company, addicted himself to gaming, and led, in other respects, too, a very disorderly life. Through the influence of an aunt, who was a nun, he obtained at length the reversion or expectancy of the office of chaplain to the "Hermita de Nuestra Señora del Camino" at Tortosa, and, in 1831, the preparatory consecrations. The concluding ones were, however, refused him by the bishop, on account of his continued irregular conduct. When, on the death of Ferdinand VII., the movement in favour of Don Carlos extended itself to the neighbourhood of Tortosa, Cabrera, quitting his cell, joined a small body of guerillas under the command of Carnicer, who soon appreciated his abilities, and conferred upon him the rank of captain. Noted from the very outset of his military career for his vindictive and bloodthirsty disposition, he became a monster of inhumanity, after his mother, blind, at the advanced age of 80, was shot by the orders of General Mina, on the pretended charge of conspiring to overthrow the existing government, but, in reality, for no reason excepting her relation to him. On the day before he heard

CACHUCHA; a new Spanish dance, accompanied by the castanets and the melody of