340

HARRISON-HAUSSEZ.

and justly celebrated as a physician in cases of insanity, and a man otherwise of great attainments and literary tastes. He made numerous contributions to the lighter literature of the day, through the periodical press. As a reviewer, epigrammatist, and writer of witty and comic papers, he had few superiors.

expressed a fervent desire for the perpe- | their management of that institution for tuity of the constitution, and the preserva- 20 years (1818). Dr. Haslam was long tion of its true principles."-Besides his official correspondence and papers, a letter has been published, which was addressed by him, during his residence at Bogota in 1829, to Bolivar, to dissuade that distinguished liberator of his country from the dominion of Spain from acting the part of a military dictator; and he is also the author of an "Address delivered before the Hamilton County Agricultural Society, at their annual exhibition, held on the 15th and 16th of June, 1831," and of a "Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio, with some remarks on the study of History, prepared at the request of the Historical Society of Ohio," in which he has made some interesting remarks on ancient Indian mounds, and on the original state of the forests of America.

HAT. What is usually called a beaver hat is made of a variety of furs, chiefly those of the hare and rabbit, mingled with wool, and in the best hats a proportion of beaver's fur; but the latter is altogether omitted in common stuff hats. (See Felting.) Silk hats have a foundation of woollen felt, similar to those which are covered by beaver, upon which a silk plush is afterwards applied.

HAUSER* (Caspar). After this singular individual had recovered from the wound, received by him in the manner described in the Appendix to the preceding volumes, he attracted the curiosity of numerous visiters, and among others of the English Lord Stanhope. This nobleman became much interested in his behalf, and procured for him a situation as a clerk, in one of the

HASE (Henry), born at Altenburg in Germany, in 1789, is a brother of Charles Benedict Hase, already noticed, and who is still living at Paris. The former, after completing his studies at Leipsic and Jena, passed the 8 years, from 1809 to 1817, as a private tutor in a family in Courland. He next visited France and Italy, and in 1820 was appointed an in-offices of the court of appeal at Anspach. spector of the cabinet of antiquities and There, on the 14th of December 1833, he coins at Dresden. In 1836, he was pro- was induced to meet a stranger in the moted to the office of principal inspector garden of the castle, who pretended to of the same, and entrusted also with the have a communication to make to him charge of the Mengs' collection of plaster- from Lord Stanhope in relation to his hiscasts. He died in November 1842.-History, and who gave him, on his appearattention was mostly given to the study of ancient and modern art. Among his writings those most worthy of notice are his "Directions for travellers in Italy" (1821); a "Catalogue of the specimens of Sculpture, and other Antiquities, in the collection at Dresden" (1826); "Tabular views illustrative of the History of Modern Art" (1827); "Grecian Antiquities" (2 vols. 1828.-2d ed. 1841); and "Paleologues;" consisting of a number of essays relating principally to antiquarian subjects (1837).

HASLAM (John) was born in the year 1764, and died at London on the 20th of July 1844. He rendered himself conspicuous in the medical world by his various publications on the subject of insanity,namely, his "Observations on Insanity" (1798); "Illustrations of Madness" (1810); "Considerations on the Moral Manageinent of Insane Persons" (1817); "Medical Jurisprudence, as it relates to Insanity, according to the Law of England" (1817); and a "Letter to the Governors of Bethlehem Hospital, containing an Account of

ance, a mortal stab in his left side. He survived only 4 days. The assassin succeeded in making his escape, and no trace of him has been subsequently discovered. The origin, too, of the unfortunate Hauser, has continued as great a mystery as ever; so at least we are told in a volume of the 9th edition of the German Conversation Lexicon, published in 1845. In a recent number,-the 103d,-of "Littell's Living Age," it is stated that "a work has been published, giving some revelations which prove that Caspar Hauser, who excited the public curiosity so strongly a few years since, was the son of the princess Stéphanie de Beauharnois, now dowager grand duchess of Baden, and that his disparition was owing to a dispute of succession which arose in 1818 between Bavaria and Baden."

HAUSSEZ.* Having remained in England for some time after the revolution of July, this ex-minister of Charles X. travelled through Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The results of his observations in the countries which he visited have

HAUSSEZ-HAYNE.

HAVANA.* See Cuba, (Sup.)

HAVRE (LE).* Its population, including that of the extensive faubourg of Ingouville, has been lately stated to amount to 29,482.-The annual value of the imports into Havre, in 1836, was nearly 200,000,000 francs. The chief exports are silk and woollen stuffs, lace, gloves, trinkets, perfumery, wines, and brandy; corn being sometimes exported, and at other times imported. Independently of the cabotage, or coasting trade, there entered the port, in 1839, from foreign parts, 753 sailing vessels, with cargoes of the total burden of 191,339 tons; of which 429 vessels, of the total burden 105,202 tons, were French. The entries of steamers, during the same year, were 558, of the total burden of 101,561 tons. The latter ply between Havre and London, and the principal ports of Great Britain, Holland, Lisbon, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Petersburg, &c. Some of the steamers ascend the Seine to Paris. There is a line of sailing packets between Havre and New York, one leaving each of these ports every 8 days; and other lines are established between Havre and Bahia, Vera Cruz, New Orleans, &c.— The port of Havre having become inadequate to the growing magnitude of its trade, the French government have in view to improve and enlarge it; and a plan to that effect was presented to the Chambers in 1839, the estimated expense of which was six millions of francs.

341

been published in "La Grande-Bretagne | began his professional career under pecuen 1833” (2d ed., Paris, 1834), the "Voy- liarly favourable circumstances; for Mr. age d'un exilé de Londres à Naples et en Cheves, having been withdrawn from the Sicile, &c." (Paris, 1835), and the "Alpes bar by being elected to Congress, transet Danube" (Paris, 1837). ferred to him the whole of his business.Towards the close of the year 1814, Mr. Hayne was chosen a member of the Legislature of S. Carolina by his fellow-citizens, on whom he had produced a powerful impression, by the ability and eloquence displayed by him as an advocate, and in an oration delivered before them on the preceding 4th of July. After serving in this capacity during the years 1815, 1816, and 1817, at the commencement of the session of 1818 he became Speaker of the House, by an unanimous vote of its members; and, at the close of the same session, he was appointed attorney general of the state. In this office he continued, until elected, in 1823, to represent S. Carolina in the Senate of the United States. - Although but barely qualified in point of age, at the period of his election, to take nis seat in the Senate, he at once occupied a prominent position in that body. During the greater part of the time that he was a member of it, he was the chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs, and discharged the duties incumbent upon him as such, with an ability and promptitude that gained for him the warm approbation of his colleagues, as well as the entire confidence of the officers of the navy, and of all who felt an interest in its welfare. He distinguished himself in no ordinary degree, by the speeches which he delivered on the numerous and important questions presented to the Senate for its decision; but it was by the part which he took in the discussions of the senators, from 1824 to 1832 inclusive, relating to the tariff of duties imposed on the importation of foreign commodities into the United States, and to the constitutional questions growing out of the protective policy pursued by the government, that he chiefly attracted the attention of the country.-Having opposed unavailingly the enactment by Congress of the tariff laws of 1824, 1828, and 1832, he became conspicuous among the citizens of S. Carolina who came to the determination to resist practically the execution of those laws, in so far at least as that state was concerned, regarding them as encroachments by the general government on the rights reserved by the constitution to the sovereign states of the Confederacy or Union. He was chosen a member of the Convention which was convoked by the Legislature, for the purpose of considering the obnoxious acts of

HAYNE (Robert Y.) was born in the parish of St. Paul's, near Charleston, in South Carolina, November 10th 1791. His grandfather was a brother of Colonel Isaac Hayne, who suffered on the scaffold for his fidelity to the cause of American independence. We are told that pecuniary embarrassments prevented his father from sending him to college, and that he therefore was obliged to be content with such an education as could be obtained at a common grammar school in the city of Charleston. When 17 years of age, he commenced the study of the law, in the office of Mr. Langdon Cheves; and he was examined for admission to the bar before he had attained his 21st year. He was then for a time a lieutenant in the state troops, which were called into the service of the United States during the war of 1812 with Great Britain. After the expiration of his term of service, he

Congress, of deciding on their character, virtues which adorn and dignify human and of devising the means of relief. nature.” The celebrated ordinance of nullification HAYTI.* The present population of was reported to the Convention by a com- this island, from the nature of the climate, mittee of which Mr. Hayne was the chair- as well as from acquired habits, have comman, and was adopted by it on the 24th of paratively few wants, and being enabled, November 1832. In the following month, from the abundance of fertile land, to obhe was elected governor of S. Carolina, tain the bare means of subsistence with and resigned his seat in the Senate of the facility, engage only in the lighter kinds United States. On the 10th of Decem- of labour; and the plantations have now ber, the president (General Jackson) issued almost entirely disappeared, except those his proclamation in relation to the pro- of coffee, which are also much reduced. ceedings of the Convention; and Governor Cotton continues to be reared only to a Hayne put forth, in reply to it, a counter very small extent. Maize, millet, casproclamation, 10 days afterwards, ex- sava, plantains, and sweet potatoes, are pressing the firm resolution of the people cultivated, and with cocoa-nuts, cabbageof S. Carolina to persevere in their system trees, pine-apples, and garden fruits, supof resistance, at whatever sacrifice. Then ply the chief subsistence of the natives. followed the proceedings in Congress that But the principal commercial products are resulted in the passage of the famous now derived from the forests, which yield Compromise Act." Governor Hayne mahogany and various dye-woods in great presided over the Convention which met luxuriance.-The exports of the great stain March 1833, and which repealed the ples, on an average of the three years 1835, ordinance of nullification. He occupied 1836, and 1837, consisted of 38,953,482 the executive chair until December 1834; lbs. coffee; 8,699,292 lbs. logwood and and by a proclamation which he issued other dyewoods; 5,055,507 feet mahogany; enjoining obedience to the decision of the and 1,245,148 lbs. cotton. Considerable court of appeals against the constitution- quantities of tobacco and cocoa were also ality of a military oath of allegiance re- shipped; the minor articles being hides, quired by an act of the Legislature, he rags, wax, ginger, and sugar. In 1836, was essentially instrumental in allaying the shipping that entered the six principal the violence of party spirit, within the ports of the island consisted of 369 vessels, limits of his own state. The subsequent in burden 50,580 tons; the cleared, of 385 portion of Governor Hayne's life was de- vessels, in burden 52,485 tons. The exvoted in a great measure to the "internal ternal trade is entirely in the hands of improvement” of S. Carolina and the con- foreigners, who are treated with much tiguous states. As mayor of the city of illiberality, being obliged to pay a heavy Charleston, he contributed to a beneficial license-duty, loaded with vexatious regureorganization of its police; and as presi-lations in regard to their dealings, and dent of the Company for constructing the proposed railroad from Charleston to the Ohio at Louisville and Cincinnati, he was indefatigable in urging forward the execution of that great work. He died on the 24th of September, at Ashville, N. Carolina, of a fever which he had contracted whilst on a journey to that place, whither he had gone to attend a convention of the railroad company.-"His abilities," to use the language of the Charleston Courier, "were of an eminently practical cast; he was ready in resources, clear in judgment and conception, fluent and graceful in speech, and endowed with a persuasive eloquence, which never failed to find its way to the hearts of his audience, and told with equal effect in the popular assembly and in the intelligent legislature. In private life, we are also told, "he was distinguished for the same spotless integrity that marked his public caeer, and for those domestic and social

confined as to their residence to the free ports. These last are Port-au-Prince, Cape Haitien, Aux Cayes, Jacquemel, Gonaives, Puerta Plata, St. Domingo, and Jérémie; the first of these being the chief emporium of the island.-The revenue of 1837 amounted to $2,082,522, of which about one-half is derived from import and export duties, three-eighths from territorial imposts, and the remainder from stamps, licenses, and petty taxes. In the same year, the expenditure was $2,713,102, including $536,305 on account of the national debt.-The engagements which the president, Boyer, had entered into with France, in 1825, were altogether beyond the means at his disposal; and the efforts on his part, by a much augmented taxation, to comply with them, only tended to excite the discontent of the population, and co-operated thus with the growing antipathy between the negroes and mulattoes, to the latter of which classes

the protection of France. It was encouraged, if not originally instigated, by the French consul-general and the French admiral Moges, whose conduct was subsequently disavowed by their own government; and it was only with much difficulty that it was suppressed.

HEBEL (John Peter), a German poet, was born in 1760, at Hausen, near Schopfheim, in the grand duchy of Baden, and died in 1818. After studying theology, he performed alternately the offices of a teacher and of a Christian minister, besides being an ecclesiastical counsellor, and a member of the estates of Baden.

His

nic or Suabian dialect, are all of a religious and moral cast, as well as descriptive of the manners and feelings of the peasantry of his country. They have obtained an extraordinary popularity.

Boyer himself belonged, to produce a revolution in the government Such, at length, was the embittered state of parties, that, although France was induced to agree to a considerable diminution of her demands upon Hayti, an insurrection broke out against the authority of Boyer, in May 1838. This was suppressed; but its suppression was followed by repeated collisions between the president and the representative body. The former next deemed it necessary, for the purpose of securing himself against the designs of his adversaries, to adopt measures of an extra-legal character, measures, however, which were the immediate causes of another in-poems, which are written in the Allemansurrection in the month of February 1843. The civil war that ensued was of a very savage character, and terminated in the triumph of the negro over the mulatto portion of the population, and in the expulsion from Hayti of Boyer, who took HEBRIDES.* The population in 1801 refuge from his pursuers in the neighbour- was 74,022; in 1831, 104,021; and it ing island of Jamaica. A committee of now very probably amounts to nearly public safety, and a provisionary govern- 120,000.- The manufacture of kelp and ment, with General Rivière at the head of the fishery were formerly the principal it, were now constituted. Tranquillity employments in the Hebrides; but they was, nevertheless, far from being re-esta- have of late years very much declined. blished. A counter revolution was at- Towards the close of the last war, the tempted; and though the attempt was produce of kelp was estimated at about defeated, a state of almost entire anarchy 6000 tons. Its decline is owing to the reoccurred immediately afterwards, and con- peal of the exorbitant duties previously tinued till the end of the year. On the laid on barilla and salt, and especially the 30th of December a national convention latter. The loss to the Hebrides, howmet, and, under the presidency of General ever, has been only apparent, as the maGérard, proceeded to form a new constitu-nufacture had the effect of withdrawing tion of government, on the model of that of the United States. There was to be a president, a senate, and a house of representatives, all elected for fixed terms of service by the people; the liberty of the press, and trial by jury, were guarantied; the people were declared to have the right of assembly at their pleasure, to deliberate and express their sentiments on public measures; and all persons were to be allowed to worship their Maker according to the dictates of their consciences, without any hindrance, and without any legal preference being shown to any one sect or denomination above another. Free schools were also to be established for both males and females; and the right of citizenship, as well as that to hold real estate, was to be strictly confined to Africans and Indians, and their descendants.-When tranquillity was apparently everywhere re-established, another insurrection took place, in February 1844, in the eastern, or what was formerly the Spanish portion, of the island, the object of which was to organize in that quarter a separate republic, under

the attention of the islanders from more profitable pursuits. The introduction of large farms into some of the islands has given a powerful stimulus to grazing; and black cattle and sheep are, in fact, the staple products of the Hebrides. The horses are small and hardy; but they are not so handsome as those of the Shetland Isles. They are extensively exported.The introduction of steam navigation has contributed largely to the improvement of the Hebrides, particularly the islands on the Clyde, in consequence of being resorted to by numbers of strangers of superior intelligence; and because the steamboats create a taste, and open a market, for various articles for which there was previously no demand, and afford a ready means of conveying articles of native produce to Glasgow, Greenock, and other places.There are only 10 attorneys in the Hebrides, some of whom are also bank-agents, and engaged in employments other than law. There are only 5 constables, and soldiers are neither known nor required; and the greater number of the islands are

344

HEBRIDES-HELSINGFORS.

destitute of surgeons, and even inns. The

HEEREN* died on the 7th of March 1842. In the latter years of his life, he was joint editor with Uckert of a series of works on the history of the different European states. During a period of 12 or 15 years, down to the year 1840, he was the editor also of the "Göttingen Learned Notices" (Göttingischen gelehrten Anzeigen).

HEIDELBERG. * Population in 1840, nearest hospitals are in Greenock and In- | 13,430. The university, like all the other verness. There are no printing-presses, German universities, has 4 faculties (thenor, of course, any newspaper. ology, law, medicine, and philosophy); and to these are attached 40 ordinary and extraordinary professors, besides other instructors. Many of the professors at present are of high repute. The faculties of law and medicine are those most attended. The number of students in 1840 was 622, of whom 22 studied theology, 364 law, and 148 medicine. The library now contains, it is said, 120,000 volumes, together with a large number of rare and very valuable manuscripts. Connected with the university may be mentioned a homiletic seminary, a philological seminary, and a spruch collegium, or practical school for law students. There is here also a good gymnasium; and 17 elementary schools are supported by the government.

HEGEL* died at Berlin of the cholera, November 4th 1831.-According to Cousin, Hegel, in his philosophy, sets out with abstractions, which constitute at once the foundation and the type of all reality, but nowhere describes or indicates the process by which those abstractions have been arrived at. His speculations are charged with having a pantheistic tendency, and as leading to a denial of the immortality of the soul; though this is stoutly denied by the author. His writings, indeed, are often so very obscure that his followers accuse each other mutually of not properly comprehending his doctrines.-A complete edition of his works has been published at Berlin, since his death, in 17 vols. 8vo. (1832-40).

*

HEINE (Henry) was born at Dusseldorf, in Germany, in December 1799, of Jewish parentage. After studying jurisprudence at Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen, he lived successively in Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich, until, in 1830, he took up his permanent abode at Paris. In 1825, he made a profession of Christianity. He had, previously to this, published some poems and one or two tragedies, none of which atHEIBERG (Peter Andrew). To his tracted in any great degree the public noliterary productions already mentioned, tice. This he accomplished, in the first are to be added his essays on the Norwe- instance, by the publication, in 1826-27, gian representative system, and against of the first 2 volumes of his "Travelling the infliction of capital punishment, the Sketches" (Reisebilder), which were folformer published in 1817, and the latter lowed by two remaining volumes in 1830– in 1821; an account of a three years' re- 31. This work was greeted with especial sidence at Bergen, in Norway; together enthusiasm by that portion of his countrywith a work entitled "Reminiscences of men who had just risen, or were then rising, my political, social, and literary life, in into manhood; and the author came to be France," which is written in an acrimo- regarded as one of the most prominent linious and partial spirit, but contains many terary representatives of " young Germainteresting facts relating to the adminis- ny. The most important of his other tration of the French department of fo- productions are a volume of songs (Buch reign affairs, during the period of the em- der Lieder), many of them very exquisite pire. He made, likewise, some successful and very original (1827.-6th ed. Ï844); attempts in lyric poetry, and among these "Contributions to the history of the later may be mentioned a translation of Church- Elegant Literature of Germany" (2 vols. ill's ode to Independence. Having lost 1833); a collection of his letters (Franhis sight, he lived in a state of almost en-zösischen Zustände), written from Paris tire seclusion for some time before his for insertion in the "Augsburg Allgemeine death, which occurred at Paris in 1838.- Zeitung" (1833); the "Salon" (4 vols. John Lewis Heiberg, a son of the former, 1835-40); the "Romantic School" (1836); born at Copenhagen, December 4th 1791, a notice of Börne, a German author of the has distinguished himself as a dramatic same stamp with himself (1840); and writer. He is the author, also, of a dis- lastly, his "New Poems" (1844). His sertation, in Latin, on the Spanish Thea- prose writings are distinguished for their tre, and particularly on Calderon de la wit and humour; but it is probably as a Barca; a novel entitled "A year in Co-poet that his reputation will longest enpenhagen;" a treatise on the grammar of dure.

the Danish language; &c.

HELSINGFORS * has at present about