10,000 inhabitants. HELSINGFORS-HENGSTENBERG. After the great fire at Abo in 1827, the university of that city was transferred to Helsingfors, to the prosperity of which it has greatly contributed. It had, in 1828, 25 professors and other instructors, and 500 students; and it possesses a library of 40,000 volumes, a botanic garden, and an astronomical observatory. HELVOETSLUYS.* Since the adoption of steam-packets for the conveyance of the English mail to Rotterdam, in 1823, Helvoetsluys has ceased to be the station for the English and Dutch packet-boats, which used to sail regularly twice a week to and from Harwich. 345 Her poem of "Dartmoor" obtained the prize from the Royal Society of Literature, in 1821. But it is impossible to give here a complete enumeration of the titles of her different works; and a few only of the principal will be mentioned. At the suggestion of the Rev. Reginald Heber, afterwards Bishop of Calcutta, she wrote her first dramatic work, the tragedy of "The Vespers of Palermo," which was represented at Covent Garden Theatre, London, in 1823. It was unsuccessful there, but was subsequently well received at Edinburgh, when Walter Scott wrote an epilogue for it. "The Siege of Valencia, the Last Constantine, and other PoHEMANS (Felicia Dorothea) was born ems," was published in 1823. Her next September 25th 1794, at Liverpool, in volume appeared in 1827, and contained England, where her father, whose name "The Forest Sanctuary," and her “Lays was Browne, was engaged in mercantile of many Lands," most of which had been pursuits. He was a native of Ireland; printed before in the "New Monthly Maher mother was an Englishwoman, but gazine." This again was followed, in 1828, was descended from a Venetian family, by the "Records of Woman," the most sucthrough her father, who was commercial cessful of her works. In 1830, she pubagent at Liverpool for the Venetian go-lished another volume of poetry, "The vernment. Miss Browne began to write poetry before she was nine years of age; and her mother, who was a woman of education and taste, was her first confidant and encourager. Her first volume of poems was published in 1808. A harsh review of this little volume affected her so much that she was confined to her bed for several days. Her second volume, "The Domestic Affections," was published in 1812. In this year she became the wife of Captain Hemans of the British army, a union that was not a happy one. Shortly before the birth of her fifth son, he went to Italy, ostensibly for the benefit of his impaired health, and never again returned to his family. Mrs. Hemans went with her children to reside with her mother, then living near St. Asaph, in N. Wales. On the death of her mother, she removed to the neighbourhood of Liverpool; whence, after a few years, she finally removed again to Dublin. - After her HENGSTENBERG (Ernest William) was separation from her husband, Mrs. Hemans born at Frondenberg, in the county of resumed her literary pursuits with increas- Mark, in Westphalia, on the 20th of Oced ardour. She studied the Latin, Italian, tober 1802. Having received his preparaSpanish, Portuguese, and German lan- tory education from his father, who was guages. She made some translations from the clergyman of his native town, he went Horace, Herrera, and Camoens, and con- to the university of Bonn, where his attributed a series of papers on Foreign Li- tention was principally directed to philoterature to Constable's "Edinburgh Ma-sophical subjects and the Oriental langazine." In 1815, she published "The guages. The fruits of his studies were Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy;" soon apparent in his translation of the in 1819, "Tales and Historic Scenes;" "Metaphysics" of Aristotle (Vol. I. 1824), and about the same time, "The Sceptic," and in an edition which he published of a didactic poem, in heroic rhyme, and an Arabic author, "Am ruckeisi Moalla"Modern Greece," in ten-line stanzas. kah" (1823). In 1823, he went to Basel, VOL. XIV.-44 Songs of the Affections ;" and in the spring and summer of 1834, the three collections of poems entitled "Hymns for Childhood," "National Lyrics and Songs for Music," and "Scenes and Hymns of Life.” One of her biographers describes her versification as having three distinct styles; her earlier poems being obviously modelled on Campbell's Pleasures of Hope; her poems of the middle period of her literary career being in the manner of Byron, less flowing than her early style, but more vigorous; and her last style, which is properly her own, and exhibits in its free and continuous flow a perfection of rhythmical melody, that in sweetness and fullness of sound has never been surpassed. Her great defect is the similarity of tone and treatment which pervades all her works, and which, in uninterrupted reading, has an effect of cloying uniformity.-Mrs. Hemans died on the 12th of May 1835. 346 HENGSTENBERG-HERMANN. in Switzerland; and there, without his be- | cupation. Soon after his return to Mancoming formally a theological student, chester from Edinburgh, he delivered setheology occupied a considerable portion veral courses of lectures on chemistry, of his time. In the year following, we and his notes for these lectures were ulti find him already a "private teacher" (Pri- mately expanded into a treatise on that vatdocent) in this department at Berlin. science; a work which has passed through He was appointed, in 1826, an "extraor- many successive editions, and which is dinary," and in 1828, an "ordinary" pro- remarkable for the precision of its informafessor of theology in the university of that tion, and the excellence of its style. Dr. city. As a theologian, he is extensively Henry contributed, also, a number of paknown by his "Christology of the Old pers on scientific subjects to the TransTestament" (3 vols. 1829-35), and his actions of the Royal Society of London, "Contributions to the explanation of the the Memoirs of the Literary and PhiloOld Testament" (3 vols. 1831-39), as well sophical Society of Manchester, and to as by the religious periodical of which he several periodicals. When coal-gas was is the editor, entitled "Evangelische Kir- applied to the purpose of illumination, he chenzeitung." was one of the first to determine its constitution, to point out the best mode of analysis, and to suggest the most effective methods of obviating the inconveniences to which, in its early applications, it was liable.--In the course of 1836, he had fallen into a very indifferent state of health, and had occasionally laboured under great nervous irritability. His indisposition was greatly increased by the excitement consequent upon attending the meeting of the British Scientific Association at Bristol, in the summer of that year; and he suffered under an almost total privation of sleep, which appears to have finally overpowered his faculties. He was found in the vicinity of his dwelling-house, on the 30th of August, quite dead, having shot himself with a pistol. HENNEQUIN (Antoine Louis Marie), a distinguished member of the French bar, was born at Monceau, near Paris, April 22d 1786. After the usual preparatory education, he entered upon the study of the law, which, however, he relinquished for the army. At the period of the peace of Tilsit, in the month of July 1807, he was a sub-lieutenant of artillery. Shortly after this, he resigned his commission, and in 1813 resumed his legal studies at Paris. A ready elocution, united with great reasoning powers, soon enabled him to acquire a high reputation as an advocate. He attracted the public attention especially in the defence of individuals prosecuted for political offences. The most remarkable case of this description was that of M. de Peyronnet, whom he defended, in 1830, before the Chamber of Peers. Hennequin was, also, the legal adviser of the duchess of Berry, after her arrest in 1832. In 1834, he was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies, by the town of Lille. He took his seat in that body at the "extreme right," and acted in steady co-operation with Fitzjames, Berryer, and other royalists of the old school. He was re-elected in 1837; and died February 10th 1840. M. Hennequin is the author of a learned dissertation on the "Régime des hypothèques," a pamphlet "Sur le divorce," and an unfinished treatise "De la législation." He published besides, in 1824, a selection of his speeches at the bar. HENRY (Charles), M.D., was the son of an eminent manufacturer in Manchester. He was educated in the University of Edinburgh, and was intended for the medical profession; but very delicate health, and the necessity of his co-operation in his father's lucrative pursuits, which he subsequently greatly extended, induced him, after some practice, to relinquish that oc * HERMANN (John Godfrey James). This eminent philologer has of late years continued the publication of his editions of the separate tragedies of Euripides. "Iphigenia Aul." appeared in 1831; "Iphigenia Taur." in 1833; "Helena," in 1837;" "Andromache," in 1838; "Cyclops,' Cyclops," in 1838; Phænissæ," in 1840; and "Orestes," in 1841. HERMANN (Charles Frederick) was born in August 1804, at Frankfort on the Maine. He attended the gymnasiums of that city and of Weilburg, where he had Eickhoff for his instructor, and then went to the universities of Heidelberg and Leipsic. In these institutions, he prosecuted his philological studies under Creuzer, Hermann, and Spohn. In 1824, he had already, by his "Specimen commentarii crit. ad Plutarchi de superstit. libellum," obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. After a journey into Italy, he returned in 1826 to Heidelberg. He was appointed an “extraordinary" professor there in 1832. The next year, he became "ordinary" professor of Philosophy and Eloquence at Marburg; and in 1842, removed in the same ca HERMANN-HERRING. pacity to Göttingen. -Hermann has published an edition of Lucian "de conscribenda historia" 1827). He is the author of an excellent elementary treatise on Greek antiquities "Lehrbuch der griech. Staatsalterthümer" (1831, 3d ed. 1841); of the "History and Systematic View of the Platonic Philosophy" (vol. I. 1839); together with a great number of dissertations on the literature and antiquities of Greece and Rome, inserted in various journals and academical collections. 347 by the pope in 1835, and his works prohibited to be read. Every attempt made by the Hermesians to obtain a hearing at Rome, or a suspension of this sentence, failed of success; and, on the other hand, the archbishop of Cologne, in whose jurisdiction the university of Bonn was situated, attempted to suppress the new heresy, not merely by measures embraced in his usual and acknowledged sphere of action, but by forbidding theological students from attending the lectures of certain of the professors in that institution. This led to the interference of the Prussian government, and the disputes between the latter and the see of Rome; for a notice of which, the reader is referred to the article Prussta, in this volume. In 1805, Hermes published his "Researches on the Internal Evidences of Christianity;" in 1819 and 1829, two volumes of a work, under the title of Philosophical Introduction to Christian Catholic Theology." After his death, likewise, one of his pupils published a volume of his "Christian Catholic Dogmatology." HERMES (George), was the founder, in the Roman Catholic church of Germany, of a new school, the members of which, styled Hermesians, are very numerous in the Prussian dominions. He was born on the 22d of April 1775, at Dreyerwalde, in the bishopric of Münster. His attention was, at a comparatively early period of his life, directed to the speculations of philosophy, and especially to the systems of Kant and Fichte. From these he was led to the study of theology, with the hope of thereby discovering the solution of the various questions, concerning God and the human soul, which had hitherto perplexed HEROLD (Louis Joseph Ferdinand), a his understanding. He was appointed a distinguished musical composer, was born professor in the gymnasium of Münster in at Paris in 1792, and died in the neigh1798; a professor of didactic theology in bourhood of that city in 1833. He was the university of the same city, in 1807; the son of a German pianist, who was and next, a professor of the same in the himself a composer of some merit. His university of Bonn, in 1819. His lectures attention, however, was not seriously dimade a powerful impression on the minds rected to music, until subsequently to the of his auditors; most of whom not only death of his father, when he became first imbibed his peculiar opinions, but contri- the pupil, in the conservatoire of Paris, of buted subsequently to spread them over a Adam, and then of Méhul. In 1810, he wide extent of country. Unlike his more obtained the prize as a performer on the orthodox brethren, he was unwilling to piano-forte in that institution, and in 1812, receive either the Scriptures, or the doc- the prize awarded for musical composition. trines contained in them, on the simple He was then sent to Rome, at the expense authority of the church; his philosophy of the French government, and produced teaching him to examine the evidences for at Naples, in 1815, his first opera, the these by the light of his own reason, and "Gioventu d'Enrico quinto," in two acts. to yield his assent to them only in exact Among the operas which he published, proportion as he was convinced of their after his return to France, may be mentruth. In addressing others, he urged tioned "Les Rosières" (1817), "La Cloupon them the duty of doing the same. chette" (1817), "Le Muletier" (1823), So far, and so far only, is he to be consi-" Marie" (1826), "La Somnambule dered as an innovator on the existing con- (1827), "Le Dernier jour de Missolonghi" dition of the church of Rome. Such, in- (1828), "Zampa" (1831), and "Le Pré au deed, was his confidence in the truth of its Clercs (1832). doctrines, as well as in the power of human reason to produce a conviction of their truth, that he firmly believed the method adopted by him would be the means of ef- HERRING.* The opinion that the herring fectually reconciling the Protestants to the periodically migrates from within the Arcchurch. But this did not avail him to tic circle to the coasts of the Atlantic avoid ecclesiastical opposition, --an oppo-ocean, to deposit its spawn, is rejected by sition, however, which did not attain to its modern zoologists. In fact, the migration height till after the death of Hermes in in question has no relation to difference of May 1831. His doctrines were condemned latitude, but takes place from deep to shal | 348 low water. HERRING-HILAIRE. The common herring, im- | in the structure of the animals that do, pelled by the stimulus of the increasing distinguishing them from those that do not, burden of milt or roe, quits the deeper re- hibernate. cesses of the ocean, where it has passed the winter and spring months, and approaches the shallower water near the coasts, where the ova may be deposited, and impregnated with the requisite amount of heat, light, and oxygen, for their de-lege of Navarre in Paris, that he might be velopment. HERTFORD COLLEGE.* This institution, situated about two miles from the town of Hertford, is more properly denominated Hailybury College. It was founded in 1806. The buildings were erected at a cost of £70,000, and contain accommodations for 8 professors, and about 100 students. The latter receive instruction in science, law, history, the Oriental languages, &c. Malthus, the author of the Essay on Population, and Sir James Mackintosh, have been among the professors of this college. HILAIRE (Geoffroy St.) was born at Étampes in the French department of the Seine and Oise, on the 15th of April 1772. He was destined by his father for the clerical profession, and was placed at the col imbued with a certain amount of liberal knowledge, preparatory to the study of theology. In this institution, he acquired a taste for natural science in attending the course of lectures on physical science delivered in it by Brisson; a taste which was confirmed in him by his intercourse with the abbé Haüy, then an assistant professor in the college. He now resolved to devote himself entirely to natural history; and attending the lectures on mineralogy of Daubenton in the college of France, he made a powerful impression on the mind of this eminent man, by the nature of the HIBERNATION is the state in which cer- questions asked by him in explanation of tain animals exist during that season of the lecture at its close, as well as by the the year when excess of cold or of heat sagacity and force of his remarks. We prevents them from procuring their usual next hear of the activity of the young nameans of subsistence. It has been defined turalist in procuring the liberation of Haüy, to consist in the continuance of life under when the latter was arrested, and thrown the appearance of death, in consequence into prison, after the memorable 10th of of the loss of sensibility, and the power of August 1792, and of his skilful and daring voluntary motion, as well as of the sus- efforts to promote the escape of a number pension of, or inability to perform, the or- of the prisoners in Paris, during the masdinary vital functions. This torpid condi- sacres of the 2d and 3d of September foltion of the animal is in some instances lowing. Through the influence of Dauimperfect, when its respiration recurs at benton, to whose patronage he was earnintervals of 3, 4, or 5 minutes; in others estly recommended by the gratitude of it is entirely suspended, a fact fully sub- Haüy, he obtained, not long afterwards, stantiated by the experiments of Spallan- the appointment of deputy demonstrator of zani, Flourens, &c. The blood ceases to the cabinet of natural history; and when circulate, or only circulates very slowly; a school of natural history was instituted the pulsations of the arteries are stopped; in 1793, in connexion with the garden of and on opening a vein, no blood, or merely plants, he became, though only in the 24th a few drops, issue from the orifice. In the year of his age, one of the professors of larger vessels of frogs, lizards, and some zoology, in the section of the vertebrated other reptiles, an oscillatory motion of the animals, and a colleague of such men as blood has been observed, which serves to Daubenton, Fourcroy, Jussieu, Lacépède, prevent its coagulation, and therefore to Lamarck, Vauquelin, and Latreille. Here hinder the extinction of life. The func- he contributed exceedingly to the progress tions of digestion are likewise suspended. of the science which he taught, both by A worm, for example, introduced into the his public lectures and by his writings. stomach of a lizard, in the condition of His zeal for its advancement was also which we are speaking, remained there evinced by the encouragement which he during an entire winter without under- was ever ready to afford to the efforts of going any alteration. Hibernating ani- others, who were entering on the career in mals subsist upon their own substance. which he had preceded them. In this manTheir blood is renewed by the absorption ner he was the means of giving to Cuvier which takes place, in their sleep or torpor, a suitable field for his exertions, by inviting of the superfluous fat contained in some of him to Paris, "to play the part," as he their organs when in a state of active ex- expressed himself in a prophetic spirit, ercise. It is a remarkable fact that anato-"of another Linnæus."-Geoffroy St. Himists have been unable to detect anything | laire was a partaker in the expedition to HILAIRE-HILLHOUSE. 349 Egypt, in 1798, under Bonaparte. He | ville, in New London county, Connecticut, examined that country from the Mediter- on the 21st of October 1754. He was the ranean Sea to the cataracts of the Nile, son of Mr. William Hillhouse, a gentleand made valuable collections in natural man who held, during a long life, a conhistory. On returning to France, he re-spicuous place in the estimation of his felsumed his post at the garden of plants. In low-citizens. When 7 years old, he was 1807, he was elected a member of the In- received into the family of his uncle, Mr. stitute, and in 1809, a professor in the fa- James A. Hillhouse, a distinguished lawculty of sciences. Napoleon sent him, in yer of New Haven, by whom he was 1810, to Portugal, to organize there the adopted as a son. He was graduated at system of public instruction. For this pur- Yale College in 1773, and then entered pose his mission was a fruitless one; as upon the study of the law. On being adthe English, contrary to the expectations mitted to the bar, he succeeded in a conof the emperor, continued to maintain siderable degree to the practice of his unthemselves in that country. But he suc- cle, who died a short time before. While ceeded in enriching the museum at Paris diligently engaged in the business of his with an extensive and splendid collection profession, New Haven was, in 1779, inof specimens of the various productions of vaded by a British force under General Brazil. - Elected a member of the cham-Tryon; and we are told that it was owing ber of deputies in 1815, he nevertheless seemed to take scarcely any interest in public affairs, and never attempted to address the chamber.-Geoffroy St. Hilaire is an associate of the Academy of Medicine, and a member of almost all the learned societies of Europe. He is also the professor of anatomical philosophy at the Sorbonne, as well as of the philosophy of zoology at the garden of plants (jardin du roi). Though a member of the legion of honour, ever since its institution, he never became, like other eminent men of science in France, his contemporaries, an officer of it; nor has he, like so many others among them, been raised to the dignity of a peer.—The memoirs of which he is the author are very numerous, and are to be found scattered through many of the scientific collections of the period. The most important of his larger works are the following: -"Philosophie anatomique" (2 vols. 1818-23); "Histoire naturelle des mammifères," jointly with Frédéric Cuvier, (1819-26); "Système dentaire des mammifères et des oiseaux" (1824); "Considérations générales sur les monstres" (1826); and his "Cours sur l'histoire naturelle des mammifères" (1829). M. Geof froy St. Hilaire is one of the contributors to the "Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles," and to the "Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle." — Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, a son of the former, born in 1805, is an assistant to his father at the "Jardin du roi." He is the author of the portion of the "Description de l'Égypte" which relates to reptiles and fishes, as likewise one of the most active contributors to the last-mentioned dictionary of natural history. He has been a member of the Academy of Sciences since 1833. HILLHOUSE (James) was born at Mont in no small measure to his sagacity in planning, and intrepidity in executing those hasty and imperfect measures of defence which alone were practicable, that the town was saved from the flames. In the interval from this date to the year 1791, he was repeatedly a member of the House of Representatives or Council of Connecticut, and three several times declined a seat in Congress under the old confederation, to which he had been elected. In 1791, he became a member of the House of Representatives in the Congress of the United States, under the new constitution. In 1794, he was chosen to represent his native state in the U. S. Senate, of which body he continued to be an influential and active member for 16 years. His congressional career was especially remarkable for a series of propositions made by him for amending the constitution of the general government, and submitted to the Senate on the 12th of April 1808. His plan was to have the members of the House of Representatives chosen every year by the people; the senators chosen every three years by the legislatures of the respective states; and the president, with powers much inferior to those at present entrusted to him, selected annually by lot from among the senators. lieved that the more frequently all power reverts into the hands of the people, the shorter the term of every legislative and executive office, the greater will be the security against party spirit, against corrupt elections, against the ambition of demagogues, against all the evils commonly supposed to be inseparable from a popular government. He believed, also, that to select a president by lot from among the senators (who would almost invariably be men eminent for their intel "He be |