according to the same authority, to comprise about 433,000 sq. m., and a population of about 41,000,000. But even these do not complete the statement of the countries and people subject to the dominion of Great Britain in India. There yet re- | main to be mentioned the provinces beyond the Ganges conquered from the Birmans, and annexed to the presidency of Bengal, having an area of 77,300 sq. m., and a population of 1,357,500; the island of Ceylon, with an area of 24,450 sq. m., and a population of 1,242,000; and the British settlements on the straits of Malacca, viz. Penang, or Prince of Wales's Island, and Wellesley province, Malacca, and Singapore, with an area of 1570 sq. m., and a population of 154,500.

of the duties upon East India and West India coffee.-A very large trade, we must not omit to mention, is carried on from the settlements in British India in addition to that with Great Britain. In the years 1839-40, the value of the imports and exports of Bengal, of the character referred to, amounted respectively to £2,677,388 and £3,218,527. The value of the imports and exports of Madras was more than the half of these sums; while that of those of Bombay exceeded this.-On an average of four years ending in 1840, the revenues of the E. I. Company, and its expenditure, were respectively £19,403,590 and £21,661,114. The land is the principal source of revenue; then follow, in the order of their importance, the salt monopoly, the customs, the opium monopoly, &c. The wars in which the E. I. Company has at various times been engaged, have occasioned it to contract a debt, which, in 1840, amounted to the sum of £30,703,778. The army maintained in British India consisted, in 1837, the latest year in which we have any distinct account, of 26,582 British, and 157,758 native troops, or sepoys,

Until the year 1814, the E. I. Company had a monopoly of the trade with India. On the renewal of its charter in that year, it was deprived of this privilege, and the trade was thrown open to the individual enterprise of British merchants. But the trade with China remained wholly in the hands of the company until 1833, when its charter was last renewed; and the company was thenceforth restricted from car-commanded by British officers, besides rying on, upon its own account, any com- 111,500 native auxiliaries.-By the act of mercial operations whatever. The effect 1833, the E. I. Company holds, under the of these changes, in augmenting the value superintendence of the board of control, of the produce and manufactures of Great the political government and patronage of Britain exported to India, has been very British India, till the 30th of April 1854. extraordinary. The declared value of The supreme authority is vested in the these was, in 1814, £1,874,690: in 1832, governor-general, who is also governor of it was £3,750,286; in 1833 (including the the presidency of Bengal. He is nomiexports to China), £3,495,301; and innated by the court of directors, the nomi1840 (also including China), £6,023,192. And the effect on the imports from India has been scarcely less remarkable. Some important branches of this trade may be said to have been created since the existence of the E. I. Company, as a commercial body, altogether ceased. Linseed, rum, tobacco, and wool, which, previously to 1833, did not enter into the trade between India and England, have become articles of considerable importance. The quantities of lac dye and shellac have been quadrupled. Hemp is more than doubled, and hides are increased three-fold. Pepper and rice have doubled. The sugar trade, from being quite insignificant, has lately become one of the most important branches of commerce; and the supply of cotton, in 1841, was 97,388,153 lbs., or three times as great as it was in 1833. The quantity of coffee was likewise nearly trebled; but the greater part of this increase proceeded from the extension of the Nothing occurred in the history of Briculture of coffee-trees in Ceylon, which tish India, after the termination of the folowed upon the assimilation, in 1835, | Birman war in 1825, to attract the public

nation being subject to the approval of the sovereign, and is assisted by a council of five members, three of whom are appointed by the court of directors from among persons who are, or have been, servants of the company; another is chosen in a similar manner, but from persons unconnected with the company; and the remaining one is the commander-in-chief, who takes rank immediately after the governor-general. The other presidencies have also their governors and councils, subordinate to the governor and council of the Bengal presidency. The governor-general in council is competent to make laws for the whole of British India, and which are binding upon all the courts of justice, unless annulled by higher authority. Parliament reserves to itself the right to supersede or suspend all the proceedings or acts of the governor-general; and the court of directors has also power to disallow them.

that chief, in a conference held with him in the neighbourhood of the British encampment. The conditions of the agreement which had been made were unscrupulously violated by the enemy; and the British troops, harassed on their march by continued attacks, perished almost to a man before reaching Jellalabad. In justice, however, to Akbar Khan, it is proper to mention that the officers and ladies who fell into his hands on this calamitous occasion, were treated by him in a most kind and respectful manner. "No European power," such is their own testimony,

attention in Europe or America, in any considerable degree, to the affairs of that country, until the British incursion into Afghanistan. The grounds alleged by the governor-general, Lord Auckland, for making war against the Afghans, as announced by him on the 1st of October 1838, were the treatment experienced at the hands of Dost Mohammed, the ruler at Cabul, by Runjeet Sing, who was an ally of the E. I. Company; the refusal to the British of the unrestricted navigation of the Indus; the necessity of securing a bulwark on the N. W. frontier of Hindostan against the apprehended invasion of a foreign power;" could have treated prisoners of war betand that the interference of the company in his behalf had been required by its ally Shah Soojah, the lawful chief of Cabul, but who had been deposed by his enemies. A British force of 26,000 men advanced accordingly into the heart of Afghanistan, by the route of Candahar. Every attempt to resist it on its route proved abortive; and it re-established Shah Soojah in his capital, in the month of August 1839. Towards the end of that year, the country was evacuated by the British, with the exception of a small body of men left in garrison at Jellalabad, to support the shah in case of necessity. In the course of the next year, however, to provide more efficient means for the maintenance of the existing condition of things, an additional force was sent to be stationed at Cabul itself. To keep its communication open with the E. I. Company's possessions in India, it was judged expedient to purchase from the independent tribes an undisturbed passage at all times through the mountain passes, on the road leading to Jellalabad. It would appear that the money for this purpose was not paid to the full amount of what had been promised; in consequence of which some of those tribes occupied the passes in such numbers, that it was only with the greatest difficulty that General Sale was able to make his way through them, with the detachment under his command. This occurred in the autumn of 1841. Almost immediately afterwards, the Afghans rose in insurrection at Cabul, and hemmed in the British force there under General Elphinstone so closely, as to render it expedient, in the opinion of the latter and his advisers, to consent to quit altogether the capital of Afghanistan, on the assurance given by Akbar Khan of his retreat upon Jellalabad not being in any manner molested; and this, too, notwithstanding that, just before, the British resident, Sir William M'Naghten, had been treacherously put to death by VOL. XIV.-46

ter." It now became imperative on the government of India to restore the prestige of the superiority of the British arms by sending another army into Afghanistan, and striking a blow that would resound throughout the immense population subject to its sway. The division of General Pollock reached Jellalabad in April 1842, and united itself in that city to the troops under the orders of General Sale, who had succeeded in maintaining himself against all the efforts of the Afghans to drive him from his position. After a delay there of several months, General Pollock commenced his march on the 20th of August upon Cabul, which he entered, having totally defeated Akbar Khan on his way, on the 16th of the following month. In a few days afterwards, all the prisoners, one only excepted, were restored to their friends; and before long, the British army was joined by General Nott, who had advanced into Afghanistan by way of Candahar, and had been successful in various conflicts with the enemy. Lord Ellenborough, who had superseded Lord Auckland in the office of governor-general, now announced in a proclamation that the honour of the British arms having been restored by the recent victories which had been achieved, the army in possession of Afghanistan should be withdrawn to the Sutledge, and that he would "leave it to the Afghans themselves to create a government amidst the anarchy which is a consequence of their crimes." As a signal punishment of that people for the treacheries of which they had been guilty, the generals, before commencing their retrograde movement, directed or permitted their troops to commit various ravages, scarcely in accordance with the laws of civilized warfare; such, for example, as the destruction of the greater part of the city of Cabul, of the strong and populous town of Istalif, as well as of a number of other towns. On their march, too, to the Sutledge, the troops are

instruction in drawing until his parents removed to the city of New York, about the year 1812. While under the care of an elementary teacher, he attracted the attention of Jarvis, the painter, who proposed to receive him as a pupil. This

to the city of New York, which was his place of residence during the remaining years of his life. Remarkable for great rapidity as well as truth in his portraits, he has left, amidst a large number of pic

stated to have committed every kind of devastation. One writer says, "Our path is marked by fire and sword; nothing escapes us; friends and foes, at least soidisant friends, share the same fate." The next important event in the history of British India since the conclusion of the Af-proposal decided his career; a warrant ghanistan war, was the annexation of which had been obtained for him to enter Sinde to the British empire, in 1843. The the Military Academy at West Point as a Ameers or princes of that province, which cadet was relinquished, and he entered is situated on both sides of the Indus, ex- upon a seven years' apprenticeship with tending from the Indian Ocean to the Jarvis. He continued to serve out this Punjab, had evinced, during the occur- whole term, and to this exact and regurences of which some account has been lar discipline much of his professional given, an unfriendly disposition towards reputation was owing. Inman began the British government. This circum- his career as a portrait and miniature stance drew upon them the attention of painter in New York, and soon acquired the latter, which required them to sub-a high reputation for the excellence and scribe to a new treaty, granting to the fidelity of his likenesses. He afterwards British certain privileges in their domi- removed to Philadelphia, and then to a nions, beyond what had been stipulated for farm which he purchased in the neighin preceding treaties. Though much dis- bourhood of Mount Holly, New Jersey, inclined to this measure, they actually being constantly engaged in his profession, subscribed the treaty on the 14th of Feb-chiefly as a portrait painter. He returned ruary 1843, but on the following day treacherously attacked the residence of the British Commissioners with a large body of men. On the 17th of the sanie month, a severe action took place between the British troops under Sir Charles Na-tures, likenesses of many of his distinpier and the forces of the Ameers, who, guished countrymen. Among these, his having been defeated, on the next day portraits of Bishop White and Chief-Jussurrendered themselves prisoners of war. tice Marshall may be mentioned as works Their territory was appropriated as alrea- of the highest order of merit. The genius dy mentioned. The contest which has of Inman was not restricted to that branch more recently occurred with the warlike of art in which he was chiefly engaged; Sikhs, who occupy the country called the he enjoyed also a fine reputation for fancy Punjab, threatened, for a short time, more and landscape painting, of which he has seriously than any other in which the Bri- left some admirable specimens. The prostish had for many years been engaged, the perity of Inman's professional career was safety of their eastern empire. But the followed by pecuniary embarrassment, in latter have been victorious, and the danger which he became involved by unfortunate apprehended has passed away; although speculations about 1836. His health, too, they were in a great measure taken by was many years seriously impaired, and surprise, and their adversaries were nume- he was prevented from executing the rous, well organized, and abundantly pro- commission from Congress to paint a pic-. vided with artillery, as well as with the ture for the Capitol, for which he had various other munitions of war. Lord El- chosen as his subject a scene illustrative lenborough, it may be proper to mention, of Settlers in the West. In the summer was superseded in the office of governor- of 1844, Inman visited England for his general of India, in 1844, by Sir Henry Hardinge. This distinguished officer, waiv-cuted two of his most remarkable likeand during his short visit exeing his superiority of rank, volunteered to nesses, the portraits of Wordsworth and act as second in command, under the com- of Chalmers. He returned without immander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, in the provement of his health; and the malady war with the Sikhs. which had for many years afflicted him proved to be a disease of the heart, in one of its most aggravated forms, accompanied with frequent and severe paroxysms. During the intervals, he continued to practise his art with an unabated zeal and genius, until within a few weeks of his

INMAN (Henry), a distinguished American painter, was born at Utica in the State of New York, on the 20th of October 1801. His talent for that department of art in which he became eminent showed itself early, but he received no regular

health,

death, which took place early in January | Petersburg and Moscow by way of To1846. Mr. Inman was gifted with bril- bolsk. It has also some trade with Bokliant conversational powers, and his pri- hara. vate and professional career was distinguished by the feelings of a genuine artist towards his fellow-artists, from whom he received an expression of their esteem by being chosen Vice-President of the National Academy of Design. Immediately after his death, a public exhibition was given, in New York, of such of his paintings as could readily be collected, for the benefit of his widow and children. The extent of his works may be in some measure judged of from the fact that this partial collection contained 127 paintings of various kinds.

a similar spirit would have taken place | sembling horn, and 66 of phosphate, with throughout the different states into which a trace of carbonate, of lime.-Not only it is divided. Austrian troops in sufficient the genuine ivory black, but likewise a force were assembled, in the Lombardo- mixture of charcoal and phosphate of lime, Venitian kingdom, to crush any insurrec- obtained by burning bone, is sold under tion in that quarter, however formidable, this name, and, like other forms of animal and to be in readiness to march to the aid charcoal, is very effective in depriving of the other Italian governments, on the certain substances of their colour. occurrence of any emergency. It was only at Bologna and Modena that any occasion arose for employing them; the rest of the country was prudent enough to vent its dissatisfaction with the existing order of things in murmurs, or at farthest in words. Tranquillity was again soon everywhere re-established, and has continued down to the present time, with scarcely any interruption. On the accession, in 1835, of the present emperor of Austria to the throne, the people of Italy seemed to him to be so resigned, if not reconciled, to their fate, that he ventured to liberate the prisoners of Spielberg, and to grant a general amnesty for political offences.

IVORY.* Besides the uses of it already mentioned, namely, as "a material for toys, and as panels for miniature paintings," ivory is extensively employed for knifehandles, and in the construction of mathematical and musical instruments. Ivory articles are said to be manufactured to a greater extent, and with more skill, at Dieppe in France, than in any other place in Europe; but the preparation of this beautiful material is much better understood by the Chinese than by any other people. The western and eastern coasts of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and the countries to the eastward of the Straits of Malacca, are the great marts whence supplies of ivory are derived; but the most esteemed come from Africa, being of a closer texture, and less liable to turn yellow, than those from the East Indies. Though elephant's tusks are sometimes exported from Pegu and Cochin China weighing as much as 150 lbs., they are seldom to be met with above 70 lbs. in weight; and their average weight may be stated at 60 lbs. The tusks or teeth of the sea-horse and hippopotamus are also used as ivory. The latter, procured in Africa, are harder and whiter than those of the elephant, and do not turn yellow so soon. Fossil ivory from the tusks of the mammoth or elephant is that principally used by the Russian turners: it is found plentifully, and in a high state of preservation, in the Laichovian isles, and on the shores of the Frozen Sea.-Ivory consists of anou. 24 per cent. of animal matter re

IVORY (James) was born at Dundee in 1765. After receiving the rudiments of his education in the public schools of that town, he was sent, at the age of 14, to the university of St. Andrew's, where he spent six years. The first four of these were occupied in the study of mathematics, philosophy, and languages; and the remaining two, in conformity with the wishes of his father, who intended that he should become a clergyman in the Church of Scotland, in that of theology. He then removed, in company with Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Leslie, who had been his fellowstudent at St. Andrew's, to the University of Edinburgh, where he spent one year in completing his theological studies, but was never admitted to the office of a Christian minister. Immediately on quitting the university in 1786, he was induced to accept of the appointment of assistant teacher in the academy then recently instituted in Dundee, with the purpose of giving instruction in mathematics and natural philosophy; for the prosecution of which sciences he had imbibed a strong predilection, as well as evinced a peculiar aptitude. The duties of this post he continued to fulfil during 3 years. At the end of this time, he became a partner and manager of a flax-spinning company at Douglastown in Forfarshire; and he was thus engaged from 1789 to 1804. During this period of 15 years, while Mr. Ivory was employed daily in operations apparently very uncongenial with the tastes of a man of science, he succeeded, by a diligent use of his leisure hours, in making himself thoroughly acquainted with the profoundest works, not only of the English, but also of the continental mathematicians. He became, besides, extensively known by his own original researches; his earliest memoir, presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, having been read before that body in November 1796.—In 1804, the company of which Mr. Ivory was a partner was dissolved; and he applied for, and immediately obtained, one of the mathematical professorships in the Military Academy at Marlow (afterwards removed to Sandhurst). He resigned this office, and retired to private life, in 1819; after which period, he devoted himself entirely to sci