RANKE (Leopold), a professor in the university of Berlin, and one of the most eminent living historians of Germany, was born at Wiehe, in Thuringia, on the 21st of December 1795. Having been educated with a view to make the business of teaching his profession for life, he accepted, in 1818, the appointment of principal instructor in the gymnasium of Frankfort on the Oder. Here he devoted his leisure The first-fruits of to historical studies. these (1824) were a history of the people of Roman and Germanic descent (Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völkerschaften) from 1494 to 1535; which was speedily followed by an essay "On the Later Historians" (Žur Kritik neuerer In quickness of percep the United States. He was a member of entire success. the convention which met at Richmond to tion, accuracy of memory, liveliness of revise the constitution of Virginia, in Oc-imagination, and sharpness of wit, he surtober 1829. In the course of its proceed- passed most men of his day; but his judgings he spoke but once, and voted, in every ment was feeble, or rarely consulted." instance, against the proposed innova- The same writer adds respecting him, that tions on the existing constitution. Gene-"he was capable of kindness, generosity, ral Jackson appointed him, in 1830, to be and courtesy. He was a kind master, a minister to Russia; but his stay at St. Pe- good neighbour, and, amongst his immetersburgh was extremely short. Having diate constituents, was even popular. His accepted of his appointment on condition friends have said that he possessed a deep that, if his health required it, he might vein of piety, which was, on some occaspend the ensuing winter in the south of sions, strongly developed. One of his Europe, he had scarcely been presented most striking characteristics was, perhaps, to the emperor when he quitted the Rus- his economy, which he rigidly practised, sian capital. Instead, however, of pro- and, both in public and private affairs, diliceeding, as had been his original inten- gently inculcated." tion, to the shores of the Mediterranean, he retraced his steps to England, and thence embarked for America. On his return home, he was once more elected to Congress. His health had long been declining, when, being on his way to embark from New York for Europe, in hope of receiving benefit from the voyage, he died at Philadelphia, on the 19th of May 1833. From the period of his entering on public life, in 1799, until the spring of the year 1806, Mr. Randolph acted a conspicuous and a leading part in the ranks of the "republican" party. The occasion on which he first withdrew his support from Mr. Jefferson's administration, was on the resolution offered by Mr. Gregg for the Geschichtschreiber). Though non-importation of goods from Great Britain and Ireland. He was a vehement these works were severely criticised in opponent of the measures of Mr. Madison some of the German journals, they pro"extraordiwhile president. He was in favour of the cured for him in 1825 an election of Mr. Crawford to the presidency, nary" professorship in the university of in 1825; and, in 1829, was warmly en- Berlin. Not long after his arrival in listed in behalf of General Jackson, as a that city, he was permitted to absent himcandidate for that office in opposition to Mr. self for a time from his post, and was J. Q. Adams. Mr. Randolph's speeches furnished by the Prussian government have been more fully and correctly report- with the pecuniary means necessary for ed, and have been more generally read, travelling in Germany, France, and espethan those of any other member of Con- cially in Italy, to collect materials in the gress. In a notice of him in the "New libraries of those countries for additional York Journal of Commerce," the follow- historical works which he had projected, ing account of his eloquence is given. relating to the 15th, 16th, and 17th cen"He never spoke without commanding turies. The first of these works appeared the most intense interest. At his first in 1827, under the title of "History of the gesture or word, the house and galleries Princes and People of S. Europe in the were hushed into silence and attention. 16th and 17th centuries," in which the His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but affairs of Turkey and Spain are presented under perfect command; and, in its lower in quite a novel light. But however retones, it was music. His tall person, firm markable this work might be, it was far eye, and peculiarly 'expressive fingers,' surpassed in importance by the "History assisted very much in giving effect to his of the Popes during the 16th and 17th delivery. His eloquence, taking its cha- centuries" (1834-36, 3 vols., 2d ed. 1837– racter from his unamiable disposition, was 39). Next came the "History of Germany generally exerted in satire and invective; during the period of the Reformation." but ne never attempted pathos without | And to these works, all of which have at and is, besides, a member of the "Société asiatique de Paris,” and a corresponding member of most of the learned societies of the continent of Europe. Råsk* made an attempt in 1826, by his "Essay of a scientific system of (Danish) Orthography," to alter the existing mode of writing of his countrymen, but without success. lished a dissertation on the Egyptian chroIn the following year, he pubnology, and another on that of the Hebrews; and, about this period, he also pub tracted general attention, in other countries as well as in Germany, are to be added the "Conspiracy at Venice in 1688" (1831); the "Servian Revolution" (1829), the result of a visit which he made to Servia; numerous articles published in the "Historico-Political Gazette," a journal established and edited (1831–36) by Ranke, together with others inserted in the "Annals of the German Empire, under the House of Saxony" (vols. 1-3, 1837–40); and lastly, a dissertation, read by him to the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, on the lished a dissertation on the age and auHistory of Italian Poetry. The pro-thenticity of the Zendavesta. Having been ductions of Ranke are defective in their elected president of the Iceland Society proportions. To one, indeed, not already, of Literature, and of the Society of Northin a certain degree, familiar with the ern Antiquities, he took an active part in events of the times to which they relate, their publications, though occupied, besides, they cannot fail to appear often obscure and with an Armenian dictionary, a theory of unsatisfactory, on account of the haste and the parts of speech in the Italian language, carelessness with which he treats of mat- a grammar of the Low German, and with ters already exhibited with sufficient abili- an English grammar. In 1828, he pubty and correctness by other authors; and lished a concise grammar and vocabulary which he even supposes his readers to be of the Acra tongue, spoken by the negroes sometimes so well acquainted with, as to on the W. coast of Africa, in the neighallow of his passing them over altogether bourhood of the Danish settlement of Chriswithout notice. Nevertheless, the extent tianborg. He next applied himself to the of his researches, the honest and skilful preparation of a Moso-Gothic dictionary, use which he has made of his materials, and a sketch of the Malabar languages; and the interest of his narrative, have at the same time investigating the affiniplaced him in the first rank of the living ties between the Laplandic language and historians of Germany. those of N. Asia. He was appointed professor of Oriental Languages, and (1829) principal librarian, in the university of Copenhagen. His edition of the fables of Lokman, which appeared in 1832, evinced only a limited acquaintance with the Arabic; and, indeed, his merits as a linguist consisted in a comparative knowledge of the different languages which he had studied, rather than in an intimate acquaintance with any one of them.-He had just completed his Lapland Grammar, when he died at Copenhagen, on the 4th of November 1832. RAOUL-ROCHETTE.* This distinguished archæologist travelled through Italy and Sicily in 1826-27, examining the monuments of antiquity which they contain, with the eye of an artist. A new impulse was thus given to his labours. In 1828, he published the "Monuments inédits d'antiquité figurée grecque, étrusque et romaine" (in fol.); in 1828-30, “Pompéi, choix d'édifices inédits, 1re partie" (in fol.); and in 1836, "Peintures antiques inédites, précédées de recherches sur l'emploi de la peinture dans la décoration des édifices sacrés et publics chez les Grecs et les Romains" (in 4to). These different works, together with a "Mémoire sur les représentations figurées du personnage d'Atlas" (1835), are merely fragments of a history of ancient art, for which M. Raoul-Rochette has been for more than 15 years preparing materials, and for the sake of which he made an excursion to Greece so late as the year 1842. Besides the works, too, already mentioned, M. Raoul-Rochette is the author of a great number of memoirs, dissertations, and articles, inserted in various learned collecLions and journals, and in the "Biographie universelle." He is the "perpetual secretary" of the "Académie des Beaux-Arts," in January 1794, at Carpentras, in the RASPAIL (François Vincent) was born French department of Vaucluse. He was educated in the seminary (theological) of Avignon, and the "Restoration" found him a Roman Catholic priest. Obnoxious to the new government, because, when France was invaded by the allied armies, he had urged upon his flock the necessity of rallying around the standard of the emperor he became an object of royalist persecution. Quitting the exercise of his ecclesiastical functions, he went to Paris, aiming to obtain there eventually a professorship of Natural History or Chemistry, sub jects to which he had long devoted a considerable portion of his leisure moments, "Cigarettes de camphre" and "Lettres sur les prisons de Paris" (2 vols.). His last work is entitled "Histoire naturelle de la santé et de la maladie chez les végétaux, chez les animaux en général, et en RATISBON.* Population in 1839, 21,904. At Donaustauf, on the Danube, about 6 miles distant, is the Valhalla, a fine Doric marble temple, built by the present king of Bavaria, for the reception of statues and busts of the distinguished men of Germany. This edifice was commenced in 1830, and finished in 1842. RAU (Charles Henry); a professor in the university of Heidelberg in Germany, and distinguished by his writings on political economy, as well as the prominent part which he has acted in the Chambers of the grand duchy of Baden. In his legislative capacity, he drew up several reports in re His most important work is his "Manual of Political Economy" (Heidelberg, 182637). Since the year 1834, he has been one of the editors of the "Archiv der politischen Oconomie und Policeiwissen. schaft." and for the investigation of which he had the greatest predilection and aptitude. His first scientific memoir was presented to the Institute in 1824. In 1825, he became generally known as the editor of the Natural History part of Ferrussac's "Bul-particulier chez l'homme” (2 vols. 1843). letin des sciences;" and he continued to be occupied in this capacity until 1829, when he seceded from it, in consequence of a quarrel with some of the other parties engaged in the Bulletin. Jointly with Saigey, he then established a separate journal, styled the "Annales des sciences d'observation;" which, however, owing to the limited capital at the disposal of the publishers, was suspended in the course of the following year. Besides his contributions to the journals just mentioned, Raspail composed, at the same period, a number of very valuable "memoirs" for the "Annales des sciences naturelles," and the "Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire na-lation to the German Customs' Union. turelle"-Raspail had already shown, by his pamphlet, published in 1822, and entitled "Sainte liberté! ton nom n'est pas blasphème," how susceptible he was of being seized with a political enthusiasm. But the revolution of July excited his feelings to the highest pitch. During the conflict of the three days, he was one of the combatants in the ranks of the people. Nor did his interest in politics cease with the victory which he had contributed to achieve. Disappointed, like so many others of his associates on this occasion, in the expectations which he had formed from the new government, then substituted in place of the monarchy of Charles X., he became one of its most zealous and active opponents. He wrote against it in the public papers, and in 1834-35 was the editor in chief of the republican journal, styled the "Réformateur." He was one of the founders of the society of the "Amis du peuple;" and when this association was obliged to dissolve itself, he joined that of the Rights of Man. He was several times placed under arrest, and once condemned to six months' imprisonment. At length, his republican zeal was cooled by the utter fruitlessness of the efforts and sacrifices which he had made; and he confined himself, subsequent to the year 1835, almost exclusively to his scientific pursuits. These had, indeed, not been wholly intermitted, ever in the midst of his greatest political activity. In 1831-32, he published a "Cours élémentaire d'agriculture et d'economie rurale" in 5 volumes (2d ed. 1837); in 1833, his "Système de chimie organique;" in 1837, his "Système de physiologie végétale" (2 vols.); in 1839, the RAUCH. The reputation of this emi nent artist has suffered no diminution from his later works, either statues or busts.— During the year 1844, he was still residing in Berlin, diligently occupied with the preparation of an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great. RAUMER.* To the writings of Raumer before mentioned, are to be added the "History of Europe since the end of the 15th Century" (8 vols., 1832-43); the "Fall of Poland" (1832); " England in the Year 1835;" "Queen Elizabeth and Mary Stuart" (1836); “Frederick II. and his Time" (1836); "Europe, from the close of the Seven Years' till that of the American War" (3 vols., 1839); “Italy” (2 vols., 1840); a translation of the "Orations of Eschines and Demosthenes on the Crown ;" and another of "Sparks' Life and Correspondence of Washington" (2 vols., 1839). RAWLE (William); an eminent lawyer and jurist. He was descended from an ancient and respectable family, resident in the county of Cornwall, in England, from a very early period. Francis Rawle, the first of the name in this country, arrived in Philadelphia, from Plymouth, on the 23d of June 1636. He belonged to the Society of Friends, and appears to have emigrated in consequence of his opposition to the established church. was accompanied by his only son Francis, He who, soon after, married one of the two was his only appearance on the stage of daughters of Robert Turner, a wealthy politics. Though frequently solicited, at and influential person, who was high in subsequent periods, to accept public apthe confidence of William Penn, a mem-pointments, and enter into political life, ber of the provincial council, and filled he uniformly declined. The only public various other offices of great trust. Fran- office he was ever induced to hold, was cis Rawle, jun., who was a man of strong that of Attorney of the United States for mind and considerable attainments, pub- the District of Pennsylvania, which, withlished a pamphlet, entitled " Ways and out solicitation, was conferred on him by means for the inhabitants on the Delaware General Washington. His commission to become rich: wherein the several was dated on the 18th of July 1791; and growths and products of these countries he resigned it, voluntarily, on the 6th of are demonstrated to be a sufficient fund May 1800, in the administration of Mr. for a flourishing trade." This work Adams. During his term of office, it bewas remarkable, as well for having been came his duty to prosecute the offenders (it is believed) the first original work, on against the authority of the general goany subject of general interest, which had vernment in the insurrections of 1794 and appeared in Pennsylvania, as for having 1798;. one of whom, John Fries, was capibeen the first book printed by Franklin, as tally convicted and sentenced to death, but he informed the subject of this article at afterwards pardoned. Though engaged his table at Passy, near Paris, in the pre- in the arduous duties of a very extensive sence of a company of high rank and con- practice, he was a member of most of the sequence. The third son of Francis Rawle, scientific, literary, and benevolent institujun., was William, whose only son was tions of the day, to several of which he Francis. Both these gentlemen were mer- devoted much time and attention. In the chants, and possessed enlarged and culti-year 1822, he was chosen Chancellor of vated minds.-William Rawle, the son of the Associated Members of the Bar of the last-named Francis, was born in Phi- Philadelphia, before whom he delivered ladelphia, on the 28th of April 1759. He several interesting and instructive diswas educated principally at the Friends' courses, which were published by the asAcademy in this city, where he pursued sociation. The commission of President his studies with an assiduity and devotion of the District Court for the City and to literature, which terminated only with County of Philadelphia was twice tendered his life. His immediate relations and con- to him by Governor Heister, and respectnections, who were adherents of the royal fully declined. In June 1825, the Histocause, having been obliged to leave Phi- rical Society of Pennsylvania was estaladelphia, he accompanied his mother and blished, of which he was unanimously step-father to New York, where he read chosen president. He delivered, in the law under the direction of Mr. Kempe, an month of November following, the inaugueminent member of the bar in that place. ral address before its members, and from In further prosecution of his legal studies, time to time made other contributions to he sailed for England, by way of Ireland, it, which have been preserved in its printed on the 13th of June 1781; and, on the 17th transactions. In the course of this year of the following August, was admitted into (1825), he published "A View of the Conthe Society of the Middle Temple. He stitution of the United States of America," returned to Philadelphia on the 17th of which has passed through several editions, January 1783, after having passed several and has been spoken of in terms of high months in France. He immediately de- commendation by those best qualified to give clared his allegiance to the existing go- an opinion relating to it. In September1827, vernment, to the principles of which he the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon had always been sincerely attached; though him by the College of New Jersey. In the circumstances in which he was placed the year 1830, Governor Wolfe appointed had prevented him from following the dic- him, in conjunction with Thomas Ï. Whartates of his own inclination and judgment. ton, Esq., and the Hon. Joel Jones, a comHe began his professional career on the missioner "to revise, collate, and digest 15th of September 1783, by being admit- all public acts and statutes of the civil code ted to practise in the Court of Common of this state as are general and permaPleas of the county of Philadelphia. On nent in their nature, and to consider and the 25th of July 1786, he was chosen a report what alterations and improvements member of the American Philosophical are required therein." Though underSociety; and in October 1789, a member taken at the advanced age of upwards of of the Legislature of Pennsylvania. This seventy years, yet, during the four years VOL. XIV. - 65 * RÉMUSAT (Jean Pierre Abel) died of an attack of the Asiatic cholera in 1832. A history of Buddhaism, which he left behind him in manuscript, has been published since his death, at the expense of the French government. he was engaged in this work, he devoted | (1823-32). This was followed (1833-40), himself to it with remarkable assiduity by the "Icones floræ germanicæ," which and energy. He contributed his full pro- may be regarded as a continuation of it. portion to the labours of the commission, In his "Flora germanica” (1830) he exand brought to it a diligence and expe- plained, more clearly than he had prerience which proved of the highest value viously done, his peculiar system of the in the prosecution of its arduous and re- classification of plants; and a yet more sponsible duties. For some years before detailed exposition of it is to be found in his death, he suffered from painful and his "Manual of the Natural System of distressing complaints, which undermined Plants," published in 1837. his constitution; but the activity and vigour of his mind remained until within a short time before his death, which took place on the 12th of April 1836. Mr. Rawle was an able lawyer, an accomplished jurist, an excellent scholar, and a man of great taste and general acquirements. His pro- RHEIMS.* Population in 1841, 39,185. fessional learning was not confined to the -Rheims is the centre of the manufacture jurisprudence of England and America, of woollen stuffs, which extends over nearbut embraced much of the ancient and ly the whole department of the Marne, modern law of the continent of Europe. and the adjacent departments of the Aisne For twenty years, his practice at the bar and the Ardennes. In 1834, these manuwas very extensive and lucrative. He factures were estimated to employ 50,000 was engaged in most of the principal hands, of whom 12,000 were settled in causes of the period, many of which in- Rheims. This city is a principal depôt volved the most important questions of the for the wines of Champagne, large quanlaw of nations, growing out of the Berlin tities of which are stored up in cellars. It and Milan decrees and the British orders has also a considerable trade in cotton in council, as they affected neutral com- goods, flour and other agricultural promerce. His arguments were distinguish-ducts, &c.—The vice of drunkenness is ed by great learning, force of thought, and perspicuity of language, and were received with the highest respect by the court. His classical knowledge, particularly in Roman literature, was extensive and accurate; and he continued to cultivate it until near the close of his life. RAYNOUARD.* Two additional volumes of his selections from the poetry of the Troubadours appeared in 1835, which was the year of his death. He was the author also of a work published in 1829, with the title of "Histoire du droit municipal en France sous la domination romaine et sous les trois dynasties," in 2 volumes. REAL* (count) took an active part, on the popular side, in the revolution of July 1830. He died at Paris, in May 1834. said to be very prevalent among the work- RICE (John Holt) was born in Bedford county, Virginia, November 28th 1777, and was educated at Liberty Hall Academy, now Washington College, at Lexington, in that state. In 1796, he was elected a REICHENBACH (Henry Gottlieb Lewis) professor in Hampden Sydney College, in was born at Leipsic, in Germany, in Janu- Prince Edward county. He was licensed ary 1793, where he studied medicine, and as a preacher, by the presbytery of Hanobegan to deliver medical lectures in 1816. ver, in September 1803, and became pasIn 1819, he was appointed professor of tor of a church in Charlotte county, about Natural History in the medico-chirurgical a year afterwards. Thence he removed, academy, and “inspector" of the zoologi- in the same capacity, to Richmond, in cal museum and mineralogical cabinet, at 1812. In September 1822, he was electDresden; and subsequently, also "direc- ed president of the College of New Jersey, tor" of the botanic garden of that city. an honour which he, however, declined; His numerous publications are nearly all but he soon afterwards accepted the proof them on botanical subjects. The most fessorship of theology in the "Union Theimportant one is the "Iconographia bota-ological Seminary," in Prince Edward nica seu plantæ critica," in 10 volumes county, Virginia, in which office he con |