In these declared that none of the essays pre-deputy from the city of Aix. different stations, he exhibited an extraor- THIERSCH* was appointed professor of THIERSCH-TILGHMAN. 581 Greek literature, in the university of Mu- | withstanding his advanced age, he connich, in 1831, the year in which he went tinues to write novels; and the critics to Greece. He obtained in that country a generally have ranked his "Victoria Acconsiderable influence after the assassina- cessombona" (2 vols. 1840) among the best tion of count Capo-d'Istrias, and contri- of his productions. Some have objected buted, in a certain degree, to the selection to the main plot as too loosely connected; of prince Otho to fill the throne. He re- to the characters as not always sufficientturned to Bavaria in 1832. In 1836, hely discriminated; and to the various dionce more quitted his post in the univer-gressions, or under-plots, which too fresity at Munich, and proceeded on a tour quently interrupt the progress of the main through France, Belgium, and Holland, story. But its moral tendency is much directing his attention, more especially, to more questionable than its literary merits; the institutions of education in those coun- being of all the author's works that which tries.-Professor Thiersch is a member of is most imbued with the spirit of the mothe Academy of Munich, a corresponding dern French novelists. Hisotions relatmember of the Institute of France (Acade- ing to marriage, and the female sex, are my of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres), as especially such as to remind us of the well as of many other learned societies. moral heresies of George Sand, and of the In addition to his works mentioned in a most corrupt individuals of her school.previous article, he is the author of a trea- Three or four years since, Tieck removed tise on Grecian sculpture (1816-25, 2d his residence from Dresden to Berlin, on ed. 1829); of a remarkable work, written the invitation of the king of Prussia, who in the French language, and entitled "De has provided for him in a manner suited to l'état actuel de la Grèce et des moyens his high reputation. By his instrumentald'arriver à sa restauration (1833, 2 vols.); ity, the Antigone of Sophocles has been and of a work, the fruits of his journey last represented at the theatres of Berlin and mentioned, "On the existing condition of Potsdam, and it would seem with a degree Public Instruction in the Western States of success sufficient to render it probable of Germany, in Holland, France, and Bel- that other specimens of the classic drama gium" (1838, 3 vols.) either have been already, or will before long, be exhibited before a German audience. THOMSON (Dr. Thomas). To the works of this distinguisned chemist already mentioned, are to be added "An attempt to establish the first principles of Chemistry by experiment" (2 vols., 1825); "The History of Chemistry" (1830); and "The Chemistry of Organic Bodies" (2 vols., 1838). THORWALDSEN was born on the 9th of November 1770.-After his long residence at Rome, he returned to Denmark, to spend there the remainder of his days; which, however, were destined to be comparatively few. On the 24th of March 1844, he had been occupied with the model of a bust of Luther. In the evening he went to the theatre, and a few moments after he had entered the house he was struck down by an apoplexy. By his will, he bequeathed his fortune, estimated at nearly a million of dollars, to the founding of a museum at Copenhagen, which now bears his name. TIEDGE* died at Dresden in March 1841. TILGHMAN (Edward); an eminent lawyer of the state of Pennsylvania, at the bar of Philadelphia. He was born at Wye, on the eastern shore of Maryland, on the 11th of December 1750, of an old and respectable family, which in the paternal line emigrated to the province of Maryland from Kent county in England, about the year 1662. - His academical education was received in the city of Philadelphia, under teachers who were successful in accomplishing him in the ancient classics, to an extent which, at a subsequent time, now happily passed away, it was the poor fashion to undervalue or decry. His education in the law was obtained principally in the Middle Temple, of which he was entered a student about the year 1771; and in the years 1772 and 1773 he became an assiduous attendant TIECK* (Louis) collected around him, at upon the courts of Westminster Hall, takDresden, a select society of men of letters ing notes of the arguments in chancery and artists, whom he charmed by his con- before Lord Apsley, and of such men versational powers, as well as by his read- as Wallace, Dunning, Davenport and ing of the choicest dramatic compositions, Mansfield, before Lord Mansfield and the ancient and modern, which he is said to judges of the King's Bench. His notehave performed with an effect that reminded books are still extant in the possession of many of his auditors of that produced upon his descendants, and one of them was of them by the recitations of Talma. Not-remarkable use upon the argument of 582 is not. TILGHMAN. Clayton against Clayton, in the Supreme | ders and executory devises, he had probaCourt of Pennsylvania, in explaining an bly no superior anywhere. An eminent obscure report by Sir James Burrow, of judge has said of him, "that he never Lord Mansfield's judgment, in Wigfall v. knew any man who had this branch of the Brydon, which was cited before the same law so much at his finger ends. With all judges, in Goodright v. Patch, in 1773, others with whom he had had professional and then put upon its true ground. After intercourse, it was the work of time and finishing his course at the Middle Temple, consideration to comprehend; but he took he returned to Philadelphia, and was ad-in with one glance all the beauties of the mitted to the Bar, at which he continued most obscure and difficult limitations. until his death, on the 1st of November With him it was intuitive; and he could 1815, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.- untie the knots of a contingent remainder There are two very different methods of or executory devise as familiarly as he acquiring a knowledge of the law of Eng- could his garter."-When this can be land, and by each of them men have suc- justly said of a lawyer-and it was said ceeded in public estimation to an almost most justly of Edward Tilghman-nothing equal extent. One of them, which may is wanting to convey to professional readers be called the old way, is a methodical an adequate notion of the extent of his study of the general system of law, and learning, and the grasp of his understandof its grounds and reasons, beginning with ing; for the doctrines upon these subjects the fundamental law of estates and tenures, are the higher mathematics of the law, and pursuing the derivative branches in and the attainment of them by any one logical succession, and the collateral sub- implies that the whole domain lies at his jects in due order, by which the student feet.-Mr. Tilghman was also an advocate acquires a knowledge of principles that of great powers-a master of every quesrule in all departments of the science, and tion in his causes-a wary tactician in the learns to feel, as much as to know, what management of them--highly accomplishis in harmony with the system, and what ed in language-a faultless logician-a The other is to get an outline of man of the purest integrity and of the the system by the aid of commentaries, brightest honour-fluent without the least and to fill it up by desultory reading of volubility-concise to a degree that left treatises and reports, according to the bent every one's patience and attention unimof the student, without much shape or paired and perspicuous to almost the certainty in the knowledge so acquired, lowest order of understandings, while he until it is given by investigations in the was dealing with almost the highest topcourse of practice. A good deal of law ics,-how could such qualities as these fail may be put together by a facile or flexible to give him a ready acceptance with both man in the second of these modes, and the courts and juries, and to make him the public are often satisfied with it; but the bulwark of any cause which his judgment profession itself knows the first by its approved?-An invincible aversion to aufruits to be the most effectual way of mak- thorship and to public office, has prevented ing a great lawyer.-Edward Tilghman this great lawyer from being known as he took the old way, and acquired in it not ought to have been, beyond the limits of only great learning, but the most accurate his own country. He has probably left legal judgment of any man of his day, at nothing professional behind him but his the bar of which he was a member. No opinions upon cases, now in various hands, cue of his cotemporaries would have felt and difficult to collect, but which, if colinjured by his receiving this praise. Upon lected and published, would place him questions which to most men are perplex- upon the same elevation with Dulany of ing at first, and continue to be so until Maryland, or Fearne, the author of the they have worked their way to a conclu- work in which he most delighted. The sion by elaborate reasoning, he seemed to chief justiceship of the Supreme Court possess an instinct, which seized the true of Pennsylvania was offered to him by result before he had taken time to prove Governor M'Kean, upon the death of Chief it. This was no doubt the fruit of severe Justice Shippen; but he declined it, and and regular training, by which his mind recommended for the appointment his became so imbued with legal principles, kinsman, William Tilghman, who so much that they unconsciously governed his first adorned that station by his learning and impressions. In that branch of the law virtues.-It is instructive to record, that which demands the greatest subtlety of the stern acquirements and labours of this intellect, as well as familiarity with prin- eminent man never displaced the smiles ciples, the chapter of contingent remain- of benevolence from his countenance, nor TILGHMAN-TORNADO. put the least weight upon his ever-buoyant spirit. His wit was as playful and harmless, and almost as bright as heat lightning upon a summer's evening. It always lit up the edges of the clouds of controversy that surround the Bar, and sometimes dispersed the darkest and angriest. A more frank, honourable, and gentlemanly practitioner of the law, and one more kind, communicative, and condescending to the young students and members of the Bar, never lived. The writer of this article, thirty years his junior, regards it as his greatest good fortune to have been admitted to the familiar intimacy of Edward Tilghman, and to have enjoyed not only instruction from his learning and wisdom, but an example of life in his cheerfulness and serenity, during the vicissitudes of health and fortune which chequered his declining years. * TITICACA (Lake of) is partly comprised in the Bolivian republic, and partly in that of Peru. It is not only the largest, but also the most elevated lake in S. America; its height above the ocean being estimated at 12,795 feet. TOMPKINS (Daniel D.) was born, June 21st 1774, at Scarsdale, in Westchester county, N. Y. He was educated in Columbia College, in the city of New York, where he was distinguished among his companions by the progress which he made in knowledge. He next studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1797. In 1801, he was chosen to be a member of the convention for revising the constitution of his native state; in 1802, a member of its Legislature; and, in 1804, one of its representatives in Congress. In the lastmentioned year, he was, also, appointed to a seat on the bench of the N. Y. Supreme Court; and, in 1807, he was elected to fill the office of governor, which he continued to do until 1817, when he resigned it in consequence of his election to be vicepresident of the United States. In 1821, he was one of the delegates to the convention which was convened at Albany for the framing of a new state constitution, and was selected to preside over the deliberations of that body. His death occurred on the 11th of June 1825, at his residence on Staten Island. TÖPLITZ; a town and watering-place of Bohemia, 47 miles N. W. of Prague. It has about 2700 inhabitants; but in the months of July and August it is sometimes visited by 15,000 strangers. The springs are saline, with some iron. The hottest has a temperature of about 122° of Fahrenheit. It emerges from a porphyry rock, 583 and so abundantly that its supply per hour has been estimated at 1,189,670 cubic feet of water. The waters are particularly esteemed in gout, in rheumatic affections, diseases of the joints, &c. There are, in all, about 90 private baths, each of which is let out for not more than an hour at a time. The principal baths are distributed in 4 distinct buildings in the centre of the town. In one of these there are 3 baths for the gratuitous use of the public; one for the men, a second for the wives and daughters of citizens, and the third for the female peasantry, &c.: the first and last are under ground, and may be compared to large inundated cellars. But TORENO (Don Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, count of) was born in December 1786,. in the Spanish province of the Asturias. He took an active part in the insurrection of the Spaniards against the French in 1808, was elected a deputy to the Cortes in 1810 and in 1812, and distinguished himself in that body by his financial ability and the measures which he proposed for restricting the privileges. of the monks. On the return of Ferdinand VII. to Spain, in 1814, Toreno was proscribed, and took refuge in France. The revolution of the Isle of Leon, in 1820, recalled him from his exile; and, from 1820 to 1823, he acted a prominent part in the proceedings of the Cortes. when the absolute monarchy was re-established through the intervention of the French army under the orders of the duke of Angoulême, in 1823, he was once more obliged to leave Spain, and remained absent from it, chiefly at Paris, until the death of Ferdinand. In 1834, he was appointed minister of finance at Madrid; and, on his resignation of this post in September 1835, he went again to Paris, where he resided till his death, in the month of August 1843.-He was the author of a valuable history of his country since 1808 (Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolucion de España), in 5 volumes, 4 of which were published in 1830, and the remaining one 8 years afterwards. TORNADO is a violent hurricane or gust of wind, which, arising suddenly, veers round to all points of the compass; or, as some suppose, with a high degree of probability, blows from all points at once. They are usually accompanied by thunder-storms, and are generally of short duration. They are most frequent at sea, especially in the Chinese seas and the West Indies, but sometimes occur on land. One of the most remarkable instances of a tornado on the land, is that which took place at New Brunswick, in New Jersey, in 1835. The prizes in the beginning of May of every phenomena connected with it have been year to successful candidates, after the minutely observed, and are to be found re- example set at the floral games of an corded in | Silliman's Journal," vol. 32d. | earlier period. The botanic garden at See Storms, (Sup.) Toulouse is the largest and finest in France, after that of Paris. TORONTO. See York. TORRENS (Colonel) was a native of Ireland. He was appointed a first-lieutenant in the marine service, at the age of 14, in 1797, and a captain in 1806. In March 1811, he commanded the marine garrison in the Isle of Anholt, where he succeeded in repulsing an attack of the Danes, and for this exploit was promoted to the brevet rank of major. He afterwards served in the Peninsula, where he was appointed colonel of a Spanish legion. His last military employment was in India.-Colonel Torrens was the author of "The Economists Refuted; or, an Inquiry into the nature and extent of the benefits conferred by Trade and Commerce;" "Celibia choosing a Husband, a Novel;" "The Victim of Intolerance, a Romance;" "An Essay on Paper-Money and Currency; Thoughts on the Catholic Question;" "An Essay on the External Corn Trade;" together with other essays or pamphlets on subjects of political economy. His death took place in London, in 1840. TOULON.* Population in 1841, 34,663. -The arsenal of Toulon is one of the finest in Europe. It occupies a surface of 87 acres, and has dry-docks, and every accommodation for the construction, repair, and outfit of ships. In general, from 3000 to 4000 free workmen are employed within its walls; but in 1840, when an unusual activity prevailed in all the French ports, there were between 5000 and 6000 labourers employed, exclusive of above 3500 criminals.--The trade of the port has heretofore been inconsiderable; but it has materially increased since the conquest of Algiers. In 1841, 8 steamers were continually plying between Toulon and Africa, Corsica, Italy, and the East. TOULOUSE.* The number of inhabitants in this city was, in 1836, 77,372: acaccording to the census of 1841, they amounted to 76,965. — Previously to the Revolution it was the seat of one of the leading French universities; which still exists with the faculties only of law, the sciences, and literature. There are here, also, a school of artillery, a royal college, two public libraries, schools for instruction in medicine and the veterinary art, an institution for the deaf and dumb, several learned or literary societies, the most remarkable among these being the "Academy of the Floral Games," which grants TRACY (Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, comte de) was born on the 20th of July 1754, in the province of the Bourbonnais, in France. He chose the profession of arms, and had attained to the rank of a colonel at the outbreak of the revolution in 1789. He was one of the deputies of the nobility of his native province to the States General, which met in that year, and distinguished himself by the liberality of his political opinions. Subsequently, he held the rank of a "maréchal de camp" in the "army of the north," commanded by General Lafayette. But after the overthrow of the monarchy, on the memorable 10th of August 1792, he resigned his commission in the army, and, living in retirement, devoted himself to the pursuits of philosophy and literature, until the month of November 1793, when he was arrested as a suspected person, and confined for the period of a year in the prison of the Abbaye.-M. de Tracy was a member of the National Institute when it was established, in the class of the Moral and Political Sciences. This class was abolished in 1803; and five years then elapsed before he re-entered the institute, on the death of Cabanis. He was, for a time, a member of the Committee of Public Instruction, and then became a senator. As such, he voted, in 1814, for the creation of the provisionary government and the forfeiture of the crown by Napoleon. He was nominated a peer of France in June of the same year, and occupied a prominent place in the ranks of the constitutional party during the entire period of the government of the Restoration. His death occurred on the 9th of March 1836. The principal literary productions of M. de Tracy are his "Observations sur le système actuel d'instruction publique" (1801); the "Éléments d'idéologie," comprehending "Idéologie proprement dite" (1801), "Grammaire" (1803), and “Logique" (1805); a “Traité de la volonté et de ses effets" (2 vols., 1815); an "Essai sur le génie et les ouvrages de Montesquieu" (1808); and a "Mémoire sur Kant," printed in the Memoirs of the Institute. TRAPANI; a sea-port town of Sicily, on a projecting point of land on the W. coast of the island, 46 miles W. of Palermo. In 1831, the population was 24,735. Its trade is very considerable. There are |