restau 57 Paveurs (Association de)...................... 59 Peintres en batiment (L'union des).. House painters... 60 Peintres de Paris (La Securite de)... 61 Restaurateurs (Societe co-operative des Co-operative Makers of ladies' and Sculptors... 70 Tapissiers (Association d'ouvriers).. Working upholsterers.. Feb. 27, 1884..... 71 Typographes (Association la co-oper ation des).. Typographers Dec. 26, 1881..... CO-OPERATION IN GERMANY. German co-operation has three modes of development, viz.: People's banks, consumers' societies, and trade societies. Of these the people's banks-a form of co-operative savings bank,-are the most numerous, the trade societies ranking next. In 1883, the number of each class was as follows: People's banks, 1,910; trade societies, 1,031; consumers' societies, 676. The trade societies so called include two classes, industrial societies and agricultural societies. These may be more minutely classified as follows: Total industrial societies 353; total agricultural societies, 674; societies not included under the foregoing heads, 4; aggregate, 1,031. The co-operative movement in Germany began with the raw material supply associations founded by Schulze-Delitzch, for the purpose of enabling handicraftsmen in different trades to purchase by wholesale the materials required in the prosecution of their industries so as to allow them to compete with extensive manufacturers. The object of these societies was to uphold hand labor against the encroachments of factory industry, by thus obtaining for handworkers through association the advantages possessed by capitalists, and to deliver them from middlemen who furnished inferior material at high prices. "Where the raw material societies have organized themselves according to the advice of Schulze Delitzch, and avoided the errors against which he over and over again warned them, they have acccomplished this object to the benefit of the German handwork, and preserved to many German handicraftsmen their independent businesses. If we consider that, according to the trade statistics of 1882, there were in the shoemaking trade alone 245,118 independent handworkers, who, |