both ends. Its length 335 mm., each of the four sides 40 mm. The figure does not correctly exhibit the corners but merely one side. Figure 5. This specimen is almost flat. It has three projections which are perforated. Its length is 368 mm. It resembles our perforated tablets in some respects. The sixth object, Fig. 6, has the shape of a spindle. Its material is slate, color violet gray. It is small, only 65 mm. long, probably an ornament. The next object, Fig. 7, is a perforated cylinder, length 115 mm., diameter 33 mm. It is of a yellowish color. The surface is covered with punctured spots and lines or annulations. The object of this specimen is unknown. It may be compared to the four cornered specimen, number 4, and also to the perforated tubes which are found in this country but differs from them in that it has the form of a cylinder rather than a cone. There were found close to it two perforated disks, Figs. 8 and 9; one 43 mm. in diameter, the other 41 mm. These were discovered at a depth of 6 meters, while building a road near the city of Krasnojarsk on the river Jenessei. The Siberian relics are all from the province Jeniseisk. They are interesting, for when compared to American relics they show resemblances and yet differences. CELTS, HAMMER STONES AND CHISELS IN JAPAN. In a description of stone relics from Japan a certain number of celts are represented. These are considered by the natives of Japan as belonging to a remote epoch. They call them "raifu," which translated means thunderbolts. Fig. 10 represents one of these celts or chisels. It has an edge ground sharp but only on one side. Fig. 10. Chisels like this are rare. They vary from 15 in. Fig. 11. Japanese call them "Fundon ishi," pound stones. In all probability they were fastened between two sticks of wood and used as a double bladed chisel or axe, as the sharpened edges seem to prove. Some of these axes are formed of pieces of stone which are bound together in the middle and have the edges of two sides of an irregular shape. The material of these is "Andesite," a volcanic product. Here we have a variation of the so-called balls or hammer stones, resembling in some respects relics found in this country but they differ in material, shape and size from Amer mer. ican specimens. Another stone implement which is somewhat rare in Japan is what the Japanese call thunder hamIt has the shape of a thick spindle. It is pointed at both ends and has two short swellings in the middle. The supposition is that it was employed like a double pickaxe, either as a weapon of attack or as a cutting implement. Fig. 12. MACES AND BADGES OF DIGNITY IN JAPAN. Still another stone implement found in Japan is called the thunder mallet. See Fig. 12. The length of these is often three feet or more. Some of them show a knob at both ends. Instruments of the same shape, of wood, are used among the Ainos. They often present fine ornamentations and are used by the chief of villages as badges when called upon to settle a quarrel. The material is a soft stone, a fact which shows that they were used as maces by the prehistoric people. ARROW HEADS AND LANCES IN JAPAN. There are in Japan many kinds of arrow and lance heads, and occasionally specimens which we call perforators or drills. These are of different shapes. Some of them elongated, some short, with flaring tangs, some bayonet form. The material is generally obsidian, agate, rock crystal, opal, or slate. The Japanese connect the lance heads with curious traditions. They say that yearly a large host of spectres wrapped in dark storm clouds rush over the "Island of the Lance Heads," in the province of Dema. During their transit these lance heads are strewn in large quantities over the country. Figure 13 represents a lance head or drill Fig. 13. which was designed to set in the hollowed shaft of a at its head. Specimens like these are Fig. 16. 14. has a ed bayo net form. Fig. 15. heads are sometimes used in opening dan- SWORD GUARDS. Another relic found in Japan is what is called a sword guard. The form is that of a half globe, the surface being polished and covered with small knobs or plates. See Fig. 17. THE BEADS AND STONE ORNAMENTS IN JAPAN. Among the relics of Japan may be mentioned certain ornaments which are found in graves in connection with metal or preserved in earthen vessels. They are beads of semilunar shape, perforated, through the thickest part. See Fig. 18. The perfora ав Fig. 17. Fig. 18. tions correspond with the prehistoric borings of America, the centre being narrower than the circumference. These beads are supposed to be symbolic in shape, suggest either the moon or the male and female organs. They are called magatama. It is a singular fact that the Japanese Emperor has for his ensignia of office the sword, the mirror and the magatama. These insignia are not of arbitrary introduction, but of holy inheritance. The beads were worn by the warriors tied to the girdle, or around the neck, hanging down to the body, but were used only by persons of rank. They remind us of the shell beads and bear teeth worn by the warriors and great men in America. NOTES ON EUROPEAN ARCHEOLOGY. BY HENRY PHILLIPS, JR. ETHNICAL MUTILATIONS.-M. Magtot made communication on the above subject (Jan'y, 1885), to the society d' Ethnographic de Paris, in which he divides them into six classes, viz: ilation. Cutaneous, such as painting and tattooing the skin, and dep II. Facial mutilations, such as the introduction of a foreign substance into the lips, the nose, the eyes. III. Cephalic mutilations, enhancing deformities and trephinings. IV. Mutilations of the trunk and members, such as amputation. of the breast, wearing corsets, cutting off a joint at the death of a relative, Chinese foot compression, etc. Dental mutilations, by fracture, extraction, filing, etc. VI. Genital mutilations, circumcision, infribulation, eunuchism, voluntary castration, excision of the cliteris, lalia, etc. To these he adds certain barbarous practices employed by the Peruvian and Mexican women in order to avoid conception and to excite the virile member by imitating lotions and stings of insects, and finally the use of the Kalang, an ornamental piece of bone or wood, which to the number of two or three, was worn between the prepuce and penis. SKULLS FROM SARDINIA.-M. Gouin (of Cagliari) communicates to the Societe' d' Anthropologie,of Paris, (Jan. 22, 1885), some remarks on the skulls found in the grotto of Arrevi, in Sardinia, in which he considers them to be of the same type as those in the caverns of Laugerie, in western France. He also referred to the later discovery of a cavern at Tamara, where potteries of black earth are found. Speaking of the Nuraghis, he considers them and all megalithic monuments of Africa to have been constructed by a people of the same origin as that which erected the monuments of Brittany, the Balearic Islands, etc. M. Martillet stated, however, there were no meglaithic remains in Sardinia. SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE GYPSIES.-M. Bataillard presented, in January, 1885, to the Societe' d' Anthropologie de Paris, a communication on the above subject, which he characterizes as “une etude trop neglige'e." He considers that no date can be assigned to the arrival of this strange people in Europe, that its whole ancestry was not derived from India, that the imigrations may have been successive, at long intervals. He dwells especially upon the well known ability of the race as metal workers, which is certainly a curious accomplishment for a nomadic tribe, of rude and barbaric acquirements and envirionments. He enters into the consideration of two strange customs that prevail among them, the latcho dielo and the girdle of chastity and the use of the word busno, to designate one set of their blood, as the Hebrews call all except themselves "goyim." CANNIBALISM AMONG THE RED-SKINS.-M. Ch. Letourneau read a paper on the above subject before the Societe' Anthropologie de Paris, (Jan. 22,1885), based upon observations of M. Farand, a missionary for fifteen years in North-western America. Cannibalism he considers of two kinds, one when reduced to it by famine, the other as practiced in war (by the Cree and Blackfeet Indians),on the field of battle. Here the idea is that by eating the heart of a warrior all his bravery will pass into his devourer. It was stated by M. de Nadenltoc that Sitting Bull's band of Sioux had opened the breasts and devoured the hearts of the American soldiers slain by them. 1 ACCOUCHMENTS.--M. de Maricenet contributes to the Bulletin de la Societe' d' Anthropologie' de Paris, (Vol. 7, p. 704), some notes upon popular superstitions connected with accouchments in the environs of Arleuf. In the same volume is a curious paper on comparative obstetrics translated from the English of Dr. Englemann of St. Louis. M. F. Zuillard contributes to the same Bulletin, (p. 710), an article on the rock-sepulchres at Port Bara, on St. Pierre Quiberon. "THE EXCAVATIONS AT Assos.-Under this title is given, in the Com. Blattder-d. g. fir' it A. E. & W., (Jan., 1885, XVI, 1.) an interesting account of some observations by Prof. R. Virchow on the ancient skulls found there and in Cyprus. These explorations have been the past three years conducted through the Archæological Institute of America and the excellent work done by that public spirited institution is well known to our readers. Mr. Joseph Thache Clarke's examinations have been thorough and correct. In the present article great stress is laid upon the finding of seven skeletons in the Necropolis at Assos; these showed no trace of incineration and were placed in clay vessels as was the case likewise in Sardinia. These interments Virchow refers to the third or fourth century, B. C. The skulls appear to have been of different races and buried at successive periods, one probably being as early as the sixth century B. C. Prof. Virchow, from the examination of these and others with ancient Trojan remains, believes that with the exception of the brachycephalous female head from Hissarlik, the most antique skulls from the Troas were dolicocephalous. ** that these (already described) dolicocephalous skulls approached more nearly to the form of those of classical antiquity, whilst the brachycephalous appeared to be from some other peculiar race or stem. * and FOLK-LORE SOCIETIES.-A most laudable enterprise has lately been started in Soulle, Spain, the publication of a semi-monthly journal devoted to folk-lore (Bulletin Folk-l'erico Espanole), under the able guidance of Messrs. A. Machado y Alvare and A. Guichet y Sierra. It has not confined its energies simply to the propagation of matter relative to its subject, but is likewise making a spirited effort, with success, towards the formation throughout all Spain of Folk-lore societies, to study the wealth of material contained in the various geographical divisions of that famous land. The learned editors have also issued a number of works bearing on this most important topic, and from their well known learning and zeal, great results may be confidently looked for from the harvest of the Peninsula. The field is a wide one and has never before been worked. While the popular beliefs and traditions can, to some extent, be found in the various Romanceros the science of Folk-lore deals with such survivals from a different stand point. Classification renders a valuable aid in the hands of an experienced searcher. In this connection it might be worthy of consideration whether an International Folk-lore congress could not be held with advantage, within the next few years at some central point. Great good has always resulted from such conferences, both to the work and the workers. THE CAVES OF SAUMONSAY.-M. Bonneme're recently explored these caves which he considered a prehistoric tan house. He also adverted to the popular Breton belief that the seventh consecutive son of a woman who had never had a daughter was et necessitate rei a born physician and instanced a child of 8 years |