Compare the foregoing with article 1, section 8, clause 1 of the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, adopted when in rebellion on March 11, 1861, which was as follows:

"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties and excises. for revenue only, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry."

It would seem as though the Confederate brigadiers were once more in the saddle, or at any rate had a hand in the construction of the Democratic platform of 1892.

There was an active contest over the nominees who should bear the Democratic standard, the foremost being David B. Hill and Grover Cleveland, both of New York. The former sought the nomination chiefly on his merits as a "vote getter," as exemplified in his successful theft of the Legislature of the State of New York in the previous December. His merits were acknowledged,

and he was supported by a large body of men whose scruples on the score of honesty are not of the highest order, while Cleveland's cause was espoused by the better class of the Democracy. Through shrewd management the latter triumphed, and the nomination went to Cleveland, many of the delegates from other States than New York believing that it was desirable to make as respectable a presentation as possible.

The Farmer's Alliance or People's party has formed a platform and nominated a ticket, with no expectation of success, but with the belief that it may be able to draw enough votes from the two great parties to hold the balance of power. The Prohibition party has also built a platform and placed candidates upon it; it draws its support almost wholly from the Republican party, which has from its beginning been the opponent of the "rum interest,' the "rum interest," the latter being the unswerving ally of the Democracy.

The Prohibition party had its beginning as a national factor in 1880, when its total vote amounted to 96.5; in the following years there was a widespread tendency on the part of many earnest temperance men in the Republican party to leave its standard, at least temporarily, and wage special but futile warfare against intemperance and its aggressions. The Prohibition party brought its vote to 150,626 in 1884, and to nearly a third of a million in the several States in 1886.

Among the first to recognize the strength of this movement was General A. B. Nettleton of Minnesota, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under President Harrison, and Acting Secretary in the absence of Secretary Windom during portions of the autumn of 1890, when the Treasury's prompt and effective action averted a destructive monetary panic throughout the country, and again during the interregnum which followed the sudden death of Secretary Windom early in 1891, when for a considerable time Gen. Nettleton sat in the cabinet of President Harrison. He has been a Republican since the origin of the party, casting his first ballot for Abraham Lincoln. He early signalized his hatred of slavery and his love of fair play by joining, while a college lad at Oberlin, in resisting the worst features of the odious Fugitive Slave Law, and aiding in the rescue of the slave John Price in the celebrated "Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case."

Gen. Nettleton joined for a time in the Prohibition movement, but he was not slow to perceive its real causes and the useless mischief it portended. He believed and declared that whatever can be done at all by political party action

in the United States to promote any great moral reform can best be done by, or within the lines of, the Republican party-and this while keeping the friends of good government and pure laws united in the one organization, for much needed work in other fields and in behalf of other causes equally valuable. Quite as much in the interest of genuine progress for the cause of temperance as for the safety of the Republican party, he joined others West and East in organizing and pushing to a vigorous growth and effective work, the AntiSaloon Republican movement, whose first National Conference was held in Chicago

in 1886. It was of the address sent out by this conference, and which was penned by Gen. Nettleton, that Hon. William Windom, himself a leader in the movement, said: "I would rather have written that document than be President of the United States."

Under his active leadership Minnesota in 1887 placed on her statute books one of the most comprehensive and effective series of temperance laws ever enacted, including the present law, levying on saloons a high restrictive tax of $500 and $1,000 each, according to the population of the place. The same body of legisla

tion made permanent in the city of Minneapolis the now well-known "patrollimit system, whereby all public drinking places are excluded from the residence sections of the city and confined to a few streets in the business center of the town. In this manner seven-eighths of the area of Minneapolis, with its 200,000 population, is wholly free from saloons.

In several State and National elections the Democratic committees have encouraged the Prohibitionists to put candidates in the field and have supplied the money needed for the Prohibition campaign. The Democratic managers fully realized that the Prohibitionists drew ninety-nine hundredths of their strength from the Republicans, and by thus encouraging the third party they would help their own cause. Other men of intelligence in the Prohibition ranks have become convinced, as was Gen. Nettleton, that a vote for Prohibition is practically a vote for the Democracy, and without changing in the least their views on the subject of temperance they have returned to their former places in the Republican party and are working earnestly for its success.

XXII.

Leaders of the Republican Party in the Fifty-second Congress-Biographical Sketches-Vice-President Morton-John Beard Allen-William B. Allison-Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich-Shelby M. Cullom-James Donald Cameron-Lyman A. Casey-William Eaton Chandler-Joseph A. Dolph-Henry L. Dawes-William P. Frye-Anthony Higgins-George Frisby Hoar-Joseph A. Hawley-Eugene Hale-Frank Hiscock-John P. Jones-Justin Smith Morrell-Charles F. Manderson-John H. Mitchell-James McMillan-Thomas Platt-Algernon S. Paddock -Matthew Stanley Quay-John Sherman-Leland Stanford-Watson C. Squire-William Morris Stewart-Philetus Sawyer-Wilbur F. Sanders-Francis B. Stockbridge-Henry M. Teller-Edward Oliver Wolcott-James F. Wilson-William Drew Washburn-James G. Atkinson-Charles Addison Boutelle-Nelson Dingley, Jr.-Henry Cabot Lodge-Thomas Brackett Reed.

EVI P. MORTON, of New York, Vice-President of the United States, and presiding officer of the Senate, was born in Shoreham, Vt., May 16, 1824. He is a prominent banker, establishing in 1863 the banking firms of Morton, Bliss & Co., in New York, and Morton, Rose & Co., London. The latter were the fiscal agents of this government from 1873 to 1884, and both houses have always been active in governmental bond negotiations. In 1878 he was honorary commissioner to the Paris Exposition. He was elected to Congress in 1878, and re-elected in 1880. President Garfield made him Minister to France, and he filled the position from 1881 to 1885. The restriction on the importation of American pork at that time was removed through his efforts.

SENATOR JOHN BEARD ALLEN, of Washington, was born at Crawfordsville, Montgomery Co., Ind., May 18, 1845, and was educated in Wabash College, Crawfordsville. He was a private soldier in the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers during the war, after which he removed with his father's family to Rochester, Minn., where he read law, and was admitted 23 (353)