officered, clothed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men, so clothed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on, by the United States, in congress assembled. The United States, in congress assembled, shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the cerdit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commanderin-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same, nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States, in congress assembled.

The congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state, on any question, shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted to lay before the legislatures of the several states.

Art. 10. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the United States, in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided, that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states, in the congress of the United States assembled, is requisite.

Art. 11. Canada, acceding to this confederation and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into and entitled to all the advantages of this union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.

Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed and debts contracted by or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the United States in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States. for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

Art. 13. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state.

And whereas, it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectfully represent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective consti

tuents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singluar the matters and things therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in congress assembled, on all questions which by the said confederation are submitted to them; and that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in congress.

Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of the Independence of America.

On the part and behalf of the State of New Hampshire-Josiah Bartlett, John Wentworth, Jun. (August 8, 1778.)

On the part and behalf of the State of Massachusetts Bay.-John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Francis Dana, James Lovell, Samuel Holten.

On the part and behalf of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.-William Ellery, Henry Marchant, John Collins.

On the part and behalf of the State of Connecticut-Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adams.

On the part and behalf of the State of New York.-Jas. Duane, Fra. Lewis, Wm. Duer, Gouv. Morris.

On the part and behalf of the State of New Jersey.-John Witherspoon, Nathl. Scudder. (November 26, 1778.)

On the part and behalf of the State of Pennsylvania.-Robt. Morris, Daniel Roberdeau, Jona. Bayard Smith, William Clingan, Joseph Reed. (July 22, 1778.)

On the part and behalf of the State of Delaware-Thomas M'Kean (February 12, 1778). John Dickinson (May 5, 1779), Nicholas Van Dyke. On the part and behalf of the State of Maryland.-John Hanson (March 1, 1781), Daniel Carroll (March 1, 1781).

On the part and behalf of the State of Virginia.-Richard Henry Lee, John Banister, Thomas Adams, Jno. Harvie, Francis Lightfoot Lee.

On the part and behalf of the State of North Carolina-John Penn (July 21, 1778), Corns, Harnett, Jno. Williams.

On the part and behalf of the State of South Carolina.-Henry Laurens, William Henry Drayton, Jno, Matthews, Richd. Hutson, Thos. Heyward, Jun.

On the part and behalf of the State of Georgia.-Jno. Walton (July 24, 1778), Edwd. Telfair, Edwd Langworthy.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

(Recommended by the convention of the states to congress Sept. 11, 1787, and by it sumitted to the states for ratification, which, by the concurrence of nine states, was consummated and proclaimed September 13, 1788.)

VI.

VII.

Obligation of Debts and Treaties-Oaths of Office.

Ratification.

Amendments.

PREAMBLE.

2. (1) House of Representatives, how composed-term-electors.

(2) Qualifications of members.

(3) Apportionment-direct taxes--census-ratio-present representa

tion.

(4) Elections to fill vacancies.

(5) Election of speaker and other officers.

3 (1) Senate, how composed-term.

(2) Classes-vacancies, how filled.

(3) Qualifications of Senators.

(4) Vice-president-duties-casting vote.

(5) Other officers-President pro tempore.

(6) Trial of impeachments.

(7) Limitation of judgment-further trial may be had.

4. (1) Elections for Senators and Representatives.

(2) Congress, when to meet.

5. (1) Each house to judge of its own elections-quorum-compulsory attendance.

(2) Rules-punishment of members-expulsion.

(3) Journals-yeas and nays, when recorded.

(4) Adjournments of congress.

6. (1) Pay of Senators and

debate.

Representatives-privileges-freedom of

(2) May not hold certain other offices.

7. (1) Origin of bills for revenue.

8.

(2) Passage of bills-veto power limited.

(3) Concurrent resolutions and votes, how passed.

Powers of Congress:

(1) Collection of taxes-duties-imposts-excises. (2) Borrowing money.

(3) Regulation of commerce-Indian trade.

(4) Naturalization-bankruptcies.

(5) Coinage-weights and measures.

(6) Punishment of counterfeiting.

(7) Postoffices and post-roads.

(8) Patents and copyrights.

(9) Tribunals inferior to supreme court.

(10) Piracies-offenses against the law of nations.

(11) War powers.

(12) Support of armies-limitation.

(13) Maintenance of navy.

(14) Rules for land and naval forces.

(15) Calling forth militia.

(16) Discipline of militia-appointments.

(17) Authority over seat of government.

(18) Laws for carrying powers into execution.

9. (1) Limitation of slave trade.

(2) Privilege of writ of habeas corpus.

(3) Attainder-ex post facto laws.

(4) Capitation or direct taxes, how laid.

(5) Export duties forbidden.

(6) Commerce between states free and equal.

(7) Payments from treasury-public accounts.

(8) Titles of nobility and presents from foreign powers forbidden.

10. (1) States not to exercise certain national powers.

(2) States not to levy duties on exports or imports.

(3) States not to lay tonnage duties, keep troops, make treaties, etc., nor engage in war.

Article II.-Executive Department.

1. (1) Executive power vested in president-term.

(2) Mode of election (obsolete).

(3) Congress to fix time for choosing electors.

4() Qualifications of president.

(3) Case of vacancy-congress to provide for.

6) Salary of president.

(7) Oath of president.

2. (1) Treaties-appointing power.

(3) Vacancies in office.

(4) Message to congress-other duties.

(5) Removal of president and other officers.

Article III-Judicial Department.

1.

Judicial power, how vested-tenure and pay of judges.

2 (1) Jurisdiction of federal courts.

(2) Original and appellate jurisdiction.

(3) Trial by judy-place of trial.

3. (1) Treason defined-how proved.

(2) Treason, punishments of-corruption of blood-forfeitures.

Article IV.-Rights and Obligations of the States.

1

Public acts, records and judicial proceedings of the states.

2. (1) Rights of citizens of the states.

(2) Surrender of fugitives from justice.

(3) Surrender of persons held to service.

3 (1) Admission of new states.

4.

(2) Power of congress over federal propert-yvested rights protected. Republican form of government guaranteed.

Article V.-Mode of Amending the Constitution.

Congress may propose amendments-vote-states may call conventions-legislatures of three-fourths of the states must approve provisos.

Article VI.-Obligation of Debts and Treaties-Oath of Office.

(1) Existing Debts valid as under Confederation.

tests

(2) Constitution, laws and treaties of the United States supreme. (3) Officers to take oath to support constitution-religious forbidden.

Article VII-Ratification.

I.

II.

Constitution may be ratified by concurrence of nine states.

Amendments.

Religious freedom.

Militia-right to bear arms.

III. Quartering of soldiers.

IV. Exemption from illegal seizures and searches.

V. Indictments by grand jury-witness against oneself-illegal trials-private property not to be taken for public use.

VI. Rights of persons accused of crime.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Jury trials in civil cases.

Excessive bail and fines and cruel punishments forbidden.

Unenumerated rights not disparaged.

Powers not delegated to the United States reserved to the states. Judicial power not extended to suits against a state by a citizen of another state or of a foreign state.

Section 1. Election of president and vice-president-votes of
electors-when election devolves upon house of representatives
vice-president to act when no choice.

Sec. 2 Senate to elect vice-president-when-quorum.
Sec. 3. Eligibility to vice-presidency.

Slavery forbidden-congress to enforce.

Section 1. Citizens, who are equal rights guaranteed to.
Sec. 2.

Representatives, how apportioned among the states. Sec. 3. Disloyal persons ineligible as senators and representatives-congress may remove disability.

Sec. 4. Public debt, pensions and bounties not to be questioned -debts and claims incurred in aid of rebellion declared void. Sec. 5. Congress may enforce by legislation.

XV. Right to vote not restricted by race, color, etc.-congress to enfroce.

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.