Sidor som bilder
PDF
ePub
[graphic]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

variety of ingredients as commonly employed in the adulteration of milk, amongst which may be mentioned flour, milk of almonds, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, chalk, turmeric, carbonate of soda, sugar, emulsion of hemp-seed, and sheep's and horses brains, rubbed up with water into an emulsion.

It is unnecessary to describe the methods to be employed for the detection of these

point from which to determine the adulteration of milk with water.adv

Thus it was shown that the serum of a milk having a density of 1029, was reduced on the addition of 10 per cent. of water, to 1025-20 per cent. to 1322-30 per cent. to 1021 40 per cent. to 101750 per cent. to 1015.0

The specific gravity of skim-milk, although less uniform than that of the

substances, since we have the authority next most

[graphic]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

Fig. 4-Milk Adulterated with Sheep's Brains.

There is however an adulteration, which, according to common belief, is constantly practised: we refer to that with water. It was found that the serum of milk,

of the cheese by the addition of acetic
of the cheese by the addition of acetic
acid, possessed a density which was almost
constant, the limits being 1025 to 1028
it was further ascertained that the specific
gravity of this serum, varied in proportion
to the quantity of water added to the milk;
now the addition of water would of course
lessen the specific gravity in proportion to
the quantity added, we have thus a fixed

milk; on this account, the
accurate method of determining the ad-
mixture of water with milk, is to take the
density of skim-milk after the per centage
of cream has been ascertained by the
lactometershaw, today
Lastly; we proceed to give the results
obtained by the Lancet from the examisa-
tion of twenty-six samples of milk,
purchased of different dairymen.to pinap
These are as followse ourohns s
1st. That twelve were genuine visiny
2nd. That of these, two showed a defi-
ciency of cream.
geed bus 891st
3rd. That eleven were adulterated. diame
4th. That this adulteration consisted,
in all cases, of water, the per centages of
which varied from ten to fifty per cent., or
one-half of the article.

5th. That in no case was chalk, size, gum, sheep's brains, or any of the other substances occasionally used for the adulteration of milk, detected.

These results are more favourable than! might have been anticipated, from the belief generally entertained respecting the gross adulterations to which milk, as alleged, has been so constantly subject.

The addition of water to milk is, however, a fraud of the gravest description, and the parties practising it are morally as guilty as though they had employed, for the purpose of adulteration, the brains of sheep, or any other equally disgusting substance.

It is only necessary to refer to one other article used, not so much for adulteration as to heighten the colour of milk, cream, butter, and particularly cheese, viz. arnatto; this is a vegetable colouring matter or dye which, however, in consequence of its high price, is itself almost ocnstantly adulterated, it commonly containing Venetian red, and sometimes even, that poisonous substance, red lead.

[graphic][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]
[graphic]

THE WORK-TABLE FRIEND.
COLLAR IN SPANISH ROSE POINT.

Materials. Walter Evans & Co.'s Point-lace cottons, Moravian thread; and No. 1, Mecklenburgh thread.

THE section given of this collar is onefourth of the entire length, two patterns forming one half, and being reversed for the remainder.

The whole of the pattern is done in the close thick stitches of which we have already given diagrams and descriptions. Some parts are done wholly in foundation stitch, with the exception of the veinings, which are formed by doing one or two lines like the SPOTTED LACE. Open diamond and Antwerp lace are done with W. Evans's and Co.'s Mecklenburgh thread; No. 160. So is the foundation stitch; but the bars on which it is worked are done with Mecklenburgh, No. 120. The Spanish rose point stitch is a close buttonhole stitch, worked over many threads of Moravian. The little loops are made thus: having worked the space for one loop, take the thread back to the beginning and cover the bar thus made with buttonhole stitch; then do a small piece more of the thick part, and repeat. As the thickness is gradually shaped to a point at each end, it is necessary to cut some of the Moravian threads shorter. They are

ANTI-MACASSAR IN CROCHET. Boar's-head cotton, No. 8, and 50 rows of turMaterials.-Six reels of W. Evans & Co.'s quoise beads, No. 2. Boulton & Son's crochetbook, No. 16.

THIS Anti-Macassar is similar in style to that given in No. 73 of the present series of the Family Friend; the group of flowers, and the border, being both however different. We have therefore not thought it necessary to give an engraving of it. Thread all the beads on one reel of cotton; with another reel make a chain of 244 stitches and do one row of Dc.

2nd Row. A close square at each end, and all the rest open.

3rd Row.-1 close square, 1 open, De all but the last six stitches; 2 Ch, Miss 2, 4 Dc.

4th to 9th Row.-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, at each end; all the intermediate open.ol

10th Row-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 14 open, 1 close, 3 open, 1 close, 6 open, 1 close, 12 open, 1 close, 4 open, 1 close, 8

open, 2 close, 21 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

11th Row-1 elose, 1 open, 1 close, 15 open, 2 close, 2 open, 1 close, 5 open, 2 close, 2 open, 1 close, 2 open, 2 close, 3 open, close, 4 open, 2 close, 4 open, 1 close, 2 open, 2 close, 12 open, 1 close, 9 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

open, 2 close, 5 open, 1 close, 1 open, 2 close, 19 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

19th Ror. Decrease one, I close, 12 open, 2 close, 1 open, I close, 2 open, 2 close, 1 open, 2 close, 2 open, 2 close, 1 open, 5 close, I open, 2 close, 1 open, 2 close, 2 open, 1 close, 2 open, 5 close, 1 open, 2 close, 21 open, I close, decrease

one.

1

12th Row-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 17 open, 4 close, open, 1 close, 2 open, 2 20th Row-1 close (over open), 1 open, close, open, 2 close, 3 open, 2 close, 2. 1 close, 10 open, 1 close, 2 open, 4 close, open, 1 close, 4 open, 1 close, 6 open, 1 1 open, 4 close, 2 open, + 3 close, 1 open, close, 1 open, 2 close, 7 open, 1 close, 1+ twice, 3 close, 2 open, 2 close, 8 open, open, 1 close, open, 1 close, 10 open, 17 close, 2 open, 3 close, ‡ open, I close, 12 open, I close, 1 open, 1 close.

close, 1 open, 1 close.
13th Row-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 16
open, 1 close, 4 open, 2 close, open, 2
close, 1 open, + 2 close, 3 open, + twice;
3 close, 1 open, 1 close, I open, 3 close, 2
open, 3 close, 7 open, 1 close, 2 open, 2
close, 11 open, 1 elose, 1 open, 1 close.

14th Row-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 20 open, 1 close, 2 open, 2 close, 1 open, 4 close, 4 open, 2 close, 2 open, 4 close, 1 open, 4 close, 2 open, 1 close, 7 open, 1 close, 1 open, 3 close, 2 open, 1 close, 10 open, 1 close, I open, 1 close.

15th Row. This being the first decreased row, must be begun thus,-1 slip stitch, 1 Sc, 2 Dc, 2 Ch, miss 2; the last three stitches forming the open square, the process is to be reversed at the end. In future rows, we shall say, decrease one (or more), at each end; to decrease two, make your slip stitch on the 4th of the previous row, to decrease these, it must be on the 7th and so on, the other end corresponding. Decrease 1 as above, I close, 9 open, +1 close, 7 open, + twice, 4 close, 7 open, +6 close, 1 open, + twice, 1 close, 2 open, 2 close, 1 open, 3 close, 2 open, 2 close, 12 open, 1 close. Decrease.

16th Row-1 close (over open), 1 open, 1 close, 9 open, 1 close, 6 open, 2 close, 5 open, 3 close, 1 open, 1 close, 7 open, 6 close, 1 open, 6 close, 3 open, 2 close, 1 open, 1 close, + 2 open, 2 close, + twice; 10 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

21st Row.—1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 12 open, + 1 close, 2 open, + twice; 2 close, 2 open, 9 close, 1 open, 5 close, 1 open, 11 close, 3 open, I close, 1 open, 4 close, 13 open, 1 close, 1 open, I close.

22nd Row-Decrease one, 1 close, 14 open, I close, 7 open, 6 close, 2 open, 7 close, 1 open, 5 close, I open, 3 close, 5 ¦ open, + 1 close, 2 open, + twice; 2 close, 11 open, 1 close. Decrease.

23rd Row-1 close (over open), I open, 1 close, 22 open, 4 close, 1 open, 2 close, 2 open, 4 close, open, f close, I open, 3 3 close, 6 open, 1 close, 2 open, 1 close, 3 open, 1 close, 9 open, I cløse, 1 open, 1 close.

24th Row-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 17 open, 2 close, 2 open, + 1 close, 3 open, + twice; 2 close, I open, I close, 2 open, 3 close, 1 open, 4 close, 3 open, 2 close, 1 open, 2 close, 18 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

25th Row.—1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 15 open, I close, I open, 4 close, 2 open, 4 close, 3 open, 1 close, I open, 6 close, 1 open, 4 close, 3 open, 5 close, 18 open, 1 close, 1 open, I close.

26th Row. Decrease one, 1 close, 16 open, + 2 close, 1 open, + twice; 5 close, 4 open, I close, I open, + 4 close, 1 open, + twice; 3 close, 1 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close, + 1 open, 2 close, +twice, 13 open, I close. Decrease 1. 17th Row.-1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 9 27th Row-1 close (over open), 1 open, open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close, 5 open, 11 elose, 12 open, I close, 2 open, 4 close, close, 2 open, 2 close, 6 open, 2 close, 12 open, 6 close, 5 open, 1 close, 1 open, 5 open, 2 close, 8 open, 11 close, 4 open, 4 close, 6 open, 1 close, I open, 5 close, 2 close, 18 open, 1 close, 1 open, I close. open, 2 close, 13 open, 1 close, 1 open, 1 close.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

Row. Decrease 1, 1 close, 13

18th Row-1 close, 1 open, I close, 10 open, 2 close, T'open, 1 close, 4 open, 4 close, 6 open, 5 close, 5 open, 2 close, 3 open, 2 close, 2 open, 2 close, 3 open, 3

« FöregåendeFortsätt »