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ciety her conversation was interesting as well as profitable, and she would almost invariably, and sometimes imperceptibly, iead to intellectual and moral themes. She carefully kept in view the injunction, to "speak evil of no man." She was ingenuous in extenuating the faults of others, and in bringing to view the brighter parts of their character; and where she could not commend, chose to be silent,

As a daughter, she was a pattern of duty and respect; as a sister, tender and judicious; as a friend, unsuspicious and self-sacrificing. God blessed her with a son, to whose nurture and character she devoted herself with the most earnest affection. But he fell in the bloom and promise of his youth. When the first poignancy of maternal grief had abated, she felt it not right to yield to its para lyzing effects, and adopted three young ladies, to whose instruction she devoted much care, and in whose improvement and gratitude her affections found solace.

As a wife, she was most exemplary. She sympathized in the joys and sorrows of her husband, and tenderly ministered to him in every period of indisposition or debility. Above all, she loved his soul, ever bearing him on her prayers, and counselling him with prudence and wisdom.

His appreciation of her excellencies was warm and constant; and as the last earthly proof of it, in his power to give, he left her by will, the whole of his immense estate, appointing her sole executrix. This arduous task she discharged with such diligence and accuracy as to satisfy all who were concerned, which she acknowledged with humble gratitude, as a signal blessing.

During the life of the Earl of Warwick, she had received statedly an ample allow ance, and on inquiring of her minister what proportion of yearly income the thought should be devoted to the poor, and being told a seventh part, replied that she could never be contented to consecrate less than a third. The most pressing expenses were never suffered to infringe on this dedicated amount, though she often borrowed from her other property to increase it; and anticipated her income, rather than submit to restrain her liberality.

Now, when she came into possession of so large a revenue, her management of it confirmed the truth of a remark made by a person of high rank, that "the Earl of Warwick had given all his estate to pious uses." She seemed to have no satisfaction in great wealth but that of doing great good, and said that she would not consent to be encumbered with the largest estate in England on any other conditions. That she might be more faithful and systematic in her charities, she divided them into classes, sometimes reviewing them in the following order:

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Persons in want, but whom the remembrance of better days, or native modesty, prevent from asking relief. To such she gave, unsolicited, and with a meekness and tender regard to their feelings, as if she sought forgiveness rather than expected thanks.

Foreigners, who in times of public calamity or persecution fled from their native land, for the sake of their religion. To these she showed the honour due to their motives, and took pleasure in assiduously ministering to their necessities, or obtaining situations where they might permanently support themselves.

Scholars of good capacity, and slender resources. These, if she found them to possess correct moral habits and religious dispositions, she educated at the universities in great numbers, allowing them also an annual stipend of twenty or thirty pounds, as she supposed their needs or proper establishment might require.

Poor children. If she could, persuade them to learn, she placed them in schools, paying for their instruction and supplying them with books and clothing. This was a favourite charity with her; and she exercised it not only in her own region, but the destitute portions of Wales shared liberally in her educational bounties.

Clergymen of every denomination, whose livings were inadequate to the decent maintenance of their families. Often from their tables and hearth-stones, made comfortable by her care, arose the prayer of gratitude for their noble bene. factress.

Occasional applicants. By these she was sometimes deceived. Yet she did not permit this to check her benevolent impulses. "I would rather," she said,

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relieve ten who appear true objects of charity, and are not, than to let one case of real distress go unaided. They may deceive me in giving, but God will not despise that which is sincerly done for his name's sake."

The surrounding poor, with whose state she was acquainted. Here she knew how to apportion her gifts to their peculiar necessities. She fed them not with fragments, but with generous supplies seasonably provided. If they were sick she furnished them with medicines and personally visited the meanest of them, for their instruction and comfort. By the lowly bed in the humblest cottage, she spoke the words of the dear, pitying Saviour. For this class of pensioners her compassion seemed unbounded. She did not limit herself to her own vicinity, but caused bread and beef to be distributed among the poor of four adjacent parishes; and, unwilling to resign this work of mercy, even with life, directed in her will this bounty to be continued, and a hundred pounds to be distributed among them. It may, perhaps, be imagined, that in the broad sphere of benevolent action marked out by the Countess of Warwick, the more unobtrusive claims of neighbourhood, or household, might chance to be overlooked. It was not so. She understood the history of her numerous tenants, and spared no pains to accommodate or assist them. If they sustained material losses, she was accustomed to make proportionate deduction from their rent. From any obligations she had entered into with them, no inconvenience would induce her to recede; and if she found that their expectations had been excited by even an intimated promise, her truthful nature could not be satisfied without fulfilling it.

To the temporal and spiritual interests of her servants, she was steadfastly attentive. She found satisfaction in pleasing them; in rendering their stations as easy as they could be, consistent with a faithful discharge of their allotted tasks. She desired to see them free from discontent, that they might serve their Master in Heaven with cheerfulness. Extending her generous care to the period when their earthly connection must be dissolved, she left them legacies of two, three, or

four hundred pounds, according to the term of years they had been in her service, with permission to remain in her house for three months, that they might have opportunity to seek other commodious situations.

One of her prevalent desires had ever been to the mistress of a religious family. Therefore she regarded the souls of her servants as entering in some measure into her own responsibilities. She required their regular attendance and reverent behaviour at the public worship on the Sabbath, and by serious instruction and familiar persuasion, endeavoured to prepare them to become worthy communicants of the Church. She caused good books to be laid in common rooms and places of attendance, that those who were in waiting might have profitable employment for the mind. made true religion the criterion of her esteem; and though she treated all as humble friends, yet those who most feared God had her especial confidence.

Among them she

The exemplary life of the Countess of Warwick was closed by a death of peaceful trust. During her final illness, which was brief, she discoursed with great cheerfulness. Her last words were to friends who surrounded her. Supposing her to sleep, they preserved the hush of silence. Suddenly she drew the curtains, and said in a sweet low tone,

"Were I in heaven but one hour, I would not return again to you, much as I love you." And with these words her gentle spirit passed hence to its eternal resting-place.

QUILLS FOR DRESSES.-The quills of the porcupine are much employed in North America as personal ornaments; the quills are dyed, and the colours appear to be durable; they are applied both to articles of dress and household furniture. The use of quills for such purposes in England is not very extensive; but there has lately been brought into notice a method of applying split goose-quills to the making of children's caps and bonnets, and other articles of dress; and also baskets. There is likewise a mode of making split quills into brushes, which possess the qualities of cheapness and durability

ZA AND ITS ADULTERATIONS.

SECOND ARTICLE.

Ix continuing the subject of Tea and Adulterations (see page 132), several stances employed in the sophistication black tea remain to be noticed. The t of these is Gum.

The great difficulty experienced in the preparation of exhausted tea-leaves, to cause them to resume the twisted imparted by the Chinese method rolling and drying the leaves. For purpose, the leaves are steeped in rong solution of gum; this in drying, asions the contraction of the leaves, causes them to assume, to a certain nt only, their original appearance; solution at the time imparts a polished ee to the leaves. The forms of the ter number of the leaves after this aration are still, however, very differrom those of tea as originally prepared; eaves are more broken and agglutid into small flattened or rounded es. This circumstance, together with hining appearance of the leaves, are cient to enable the experienced eye to et samples of tea manufactured from usted leaves, even when mixed with a ortion of unused tea.

is not black tea only which is manutred from exhausted tea-leaves, but also n tea, the leaves undergoing the same aratory process of gumming and dryand although in the case of green the difficulty of detection apart from nical analysis is increased, yet the trate observation of the form of the 2s is, in many cases, sufficient for the overy even of this fraud.

second substance is sulphate of iron. na solution of sulphate of iron is ght into contact with a solution of in, or one of tea (which contains a e amount of tannin, the liquid mes deeply coloured, indeed almost k. Of this fact the fabricators of rious tea are well aware, for they avail nselves of it, and frequently add to gum-water a proportion of sulphate of We have now in our possession ples of tea, recently manufactured from austed tea-leaves, with a solution of mwater and sulphate of iron. Again; Rose-pink is occasionally used by

adulterators, to give a colour and bloom to the surface of black tea fabricated from exhausted tea-leaves; it is not, however, very frequently had recourse to. Rosepink consists of the colouring matter of logwood in combination with carbonate of lime. An infusion of the wood is first prepared, through which the lime is diffused, and this, in subsiding, carries with it the characteristic colour which, incorporated with the lime, forms rosepink.

Sometimes pulverized extract of logwood is alone used. It is generally supposed that the use by the Chinese of colouring matters and other substances for imparting brilliancy of surface and hue, is confined to green teas; we shall, however, hereafter produce evidence to show that several of the black teas also, as imported into this country, are adulterated, or faced as it is termed. One of the substances resorted to for this purpose is black-lead, which gives to the surface of the leaves a black, shining and metallic or leaden appearance, so characteristic, that when once seen it may be again readily recognized. If one or two teaspoonfuls of tea faced with black-lead be infused in boiling water, the liquid, after a time, will in many cases, where the quantity of facing is considerable, acquire a blackish hue, and, on evaporation, the bottom of the vessel containing it will be found to exhibit the dark, shining and characteristic coating of black-lead.

Other substances frequently used for blooming the surface of teas both black and green, especially the latter, are Soapstone, China-clay, and Talc or Mica, which impart a pearly lustre to the teas.

Again; Indigo is employed by the Chinese in dressing the surface of certain descriptions of black tea; although this article is more commonly used in the manufacture of spurious green teas: this is a vegetable substance, and is possessed of active medical properties.

The last substance detected as being occasionally employed, is Turmeric powder; this colouring matter, however, like the former, is much more commonly used for the painting of green teas.

We next have to give the results of the analyses of numerous samples of black tea of different kinds.

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The Lancet, in one of its reports on the adulteration of tea, gives the results of the analysis of thirty-five samples of black tea as imported into this country. These samples include the several varieties of Bohea, Congou, Souchong, Tetsong, Oolong, Pekoe, Flowery Pekoe, Scented Orange Pekoe, and Caper teas. These, with the exception of two very important teas with their varieties, viz. scented Pekoe and Caper teas, were found to be unadulterated, and to consist of the leaves of the tea-plant only. The samples of Pekoe, and Caper or Black Gunpowder, were in all cases discovered to be adulterated.

The leaves of the scented Orange Pekoe were faced with black-lead, and bloomed with powdered mica, or some analogous powder.

The scented Caper, Chulan, or black Gunpowder, consisted of tea-leaves broken, and formed by means of a solution of starch into little pellet-like masses, the surface of which was bright, shining with a blackish or bronze-like lustre; these were found to be faced in the same manner as l'ekoe.

In other samples of scented Caper, the little masses were discovered to consist of tea-dust and sand, made up into the pelletlike masses with starch, and faced with black-lead; the mica-like powder, and a small quantity of Turmeric and Indigo. This article is very appropriately denominated by the Chinese Lie tea.

The general appearance presented by the little lumps, of which this article is formed, is not unlike that of the dung of the silk-worm, with which, as tea, it is stated, the Chinese occasionally favour us. As we shall see hereafter, this description of tea is occasionally employed in this country to adulterate the more genuine kinds of Gunpowder teas both black and

green.

The Lancet next gives the results of the examination of nine samples of black tea of British fabrication, which were seized by the Excise. Of these samples, three consisted of exhausted tea-leaves redried, and made up with gum; the third sample being likewise faced with blacklead, and impregnated with copperas, or sulphate of iron. The six remaining samples illustrated the different stages in the manufacture of spurious black tea out

of Sycamore, Horse-chesnut leaves, and Catechu powder.

Lastly; the Lancet gives the results of the analysis of twenty-four samples of black tea of different kinds, purchased of various tea-dealers resident in the metropolis. The results were similar to those already stated as regards the teas as imported; the Orange Pekoe, and Gunpowder, being invariably adulterated, and the others as constantly were found to be genuine.

It thus appears that certain descriptions of black tea, as Caper, black Gunpowder, or Chulan, are sophisticated by the Chinese, and invariably reach this country in an adulterated state. That not content with adulterating these teas, they even make up an article in imitation of gunpowder, called Lie tea; consisting principally of sand, a little tea-dust, and various colouring matters. That the fabrication of spurious black tea is extensively carried on in this kingdom, the one process being to re dry and face exhausted tealeaves, and the other to prepare an article to resemble tea, out of leaves which have none of the properties of the tea-leaf; the tea-like astringency being imparted to them by means of powdered catechu.

We now come to treat of the adulteration of green tea. In our first article we stated that there is but one speeies of tea-plant from which the whole of the numerous varieties of tea, both black and green, are obtained; the differences in colour, qualities, &c., resulting from soil. climate, age of the leaves, and mode of preparation.

We also pointed out very briefly, the principal differences in the cultivation and preparation of black and green teas. The plants from which black teas are prepared, are grown chiefly on the slopes of hills, and ledges of mountains; the leaves are obtained in three, and in some cases four gatherings, those of medium size and age being chiefly used for the great bulk of the black tea,-viz., the Congous, and Souchongs. They are dried either under covered sheds, open at the sides, which is the best method, or else by exposure to the sun. This process is a somewhat lengthened one, and during it a degree of fermentation is set up, which is intimately associated with the colour, scent, and flavour of the leaves. Lastly;

the leaves are subjected to a double process of roasting. First, in a shallow iron pan, termed a Kuo, an operation which is repeated two or three times as may be necessary; and second, in sieves called Poey Long, over a bright charcoal fire.

The shrubs which furnish the leaves from which green tea is prepared, are cultivated in manured, or garden soils; the leaves are greener, more tender and juicy, and two gatherings only of them. are made. "The first begins between the 20th of April, and the 5th of May, and lasts for about ten or fifteen days; and a second at the summer solstice." After gathering, the leaves should be dried and roasted as soon as possible, in fact, the same day, that is, before the slightest fermentation has time to set in, all exposure to air being unnecessary, and to the sun, injurious. During the roasting, which is repeated once or twice in the Kuo only; the second method, viz., that in Poey Long, not being practised, the leaves are at the same time fanned, to hasten the drying, by dissipating the moisture which rises during the operation.

teas.

Such is a general view of the cultivation and preparation of black and green The same distinctions and care are not, however, always observed; frequently the same shrubs, and even the same leaves, are made to furnish both black and green teas of different qualities. The development of the characteristic colour of the leaves of green tea is stated to take place during the third roasting in the Kuo, the leaves at the end of the second roasting being of "a dark olive colour, almost black."

indigo, and turmeric. In addition to the above, it has been ascertained that many other substances are employed, princi. pally by the fabrications of British tea; amongst them the following may be enumerated; Frussian blue, mineral green, verdigris, Dutch pink, arsenite of copper, chromate and bichromate of potash, chrome yellow, chalk, gypsum, carbonate of magnesia, and soap-stone.

The colours used in the facing of green tea, are usually three, yellow, blue, and white; the yellow and blue colours, when mixed, form a green, and white is added either to lesson the intensity of the former colour, or to give a polish to the surface of the leaves,

Up to a certain point, the process adopted in the manufacture of spurious green tea of British manufacture, is the same as that for black. If exhausted tea-leaves, either black or green, or 2 mixture of these are used,--they are made up with gum; if leaves, other than those of tea are employed, they are broken up and prepared with catechu, in the manner described under the head of black tea; it is in the colouring alone that the differ. ence consists. "The colouring matter," writes the Lancet, "so disguises the character of the leaves-the tints of green tea, as imported, are so closely imitated, that the detection of this fraud is not easy. We have now in our possession samples of spurious green tea, which, by the eye alone, it would be impossible to discriminate with any certainty. One of these was kindly prepared for us by Mr. Phillips in the following manner, in order to show how exact an imitation with care and skill might be made. 'The tea itself,' writes Mr. Phillips, is black and composed of exhausted leaves, similar to that you have a sample of; the colouring matter is indigo and Dutch pink; the bloom is French chalk. I steamed a quantity sufficient to coat the surface of the leaves that had been taken up, after which In the article on black tea we described I added freely powdered French chalk, several substances employed for the pur- and mixed the whole well together and pose of either facing or colouring the then sifted to get rid of the surplus surface of the leaves, or to impart astrin- powder.' Nevertheless, science is equal gency to them when exhausted. These to the discovery of this, as well as most of substances were, starch, gum, catechu, the other frauds practised on articles of sulphate of iron, rose - pink, logwood, food. It is not alone sufficient, however, black-lead, talc, China clay, soap-stone, to determine that the leaves are artifi

The colour thus developed is bluish rather than green; the decided green tint being most perceptible only in the infused leaf; in both cases, however, the colour is very different to the bright and meretricious green which characterises nearly all the green teas exposed in the shop windows, and sold in this country.

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