and Religious Education; between a little Child and a Christian Disciple; between Natural and Revealed Laws; between IIuman and Divine Relations; between Scripture and Experience; between the Constituent Truths of Revelation; between Type and Antitype; and between the Old and New Testaments. The bare mention of these various topics shows something of the extent and order of the discussion.

The III and concluding part of the volume is devoted to Analogy applied to modern Religious Questions. These are: the Natural Proofs of Theism; the Point of view of Deism; the Claims of Rationalism; Spirituralism in Religion; Religious Liberalism; Belief in Mysteries; the Relation between Reason and Faith; the Question of Authority in Religion; the Rival Rules of Faith; the Correction of Socinian Errors.

We have thus particularly enumerated the contents of the book, in order that its scope and purpose may be understood. It is written with sufficient learning, with a high Christian purpose, and abounds in good thoughts. It is not remarkable for scientific precision and accuracy, nor is it one of those fresh and original productions whose vital force insures their permanency. Nevertheless, it will do good service in the cause of religion and learning.

THE SHEMITIC AND THE INDO-GERMANIC RACES IN THEIR RELATION TO RELIGION AND SCIENCE.1

This volume affords a good illustration of the intellectual activity which prevails in the German universities. Professor Hupfeld assigns the following among other reasons for the superior intellectual life of these institutions: First, each university is governed in the main by its professors. They form a close corporation, fill their own vacancies, and thus decide the character of the university. It is true that the government of the state has a veto upon the action of the Academical Senate, but the nominations of the professors are generally sanctioned by government, and the universities cannot easily be made the tame servitors of the civil power. In a good degree they have maintained an independence of the state in their scientific teachings. The professors have, of course, a personal interest in the appointment of such teachers as shall honor the university and make it attractive to students from foreign lands. Instances of favoritism and nepotism in the selection of teachers are comparatively rare. Secondly, the professors appoint to the chairs of instruction such men as have accomplished something in the literary or scientific world. In France a professor must be examined before he is allowed to enter the Board of Instruction;

1 Semiten und Indogermanen in ihrer Bezichung zu Religion und Wissenschaft. Eine Apologie des Christenthums vom Standpuncte der Völker psychologic. Von Rudolf Friedrich Grau, Lic. Theol., Repetent und Privat docent der Theologie zu Marburg. 8vo. pp. 244. Stuttgart: Verlag von S. G. Liesching 1864.

but in Germany he must publish a book, or otherwise give evidence of his power to originate as well as receive ideas. Thus the promising scholars who aspire to connect themselves with the Board of Instruction in a university are stimulated to intellectual effort. A large part of German books are written by young men who are candidates for office in a univer sity. Thirdly, the professors receive a limited salary from the government, but also receive fees from their pupils, and are thus incited by their pecuniary, as well as other interests to make their lectures valuable as well as attractive. Fourthly, before a man is elected to a professorship he is employed as a private teacher or repetent in the university, and in this office he receives no salary from the government, but depends for his support entirely on the fees of his hearers. Here is a new stimulus to activity. As attendance upon the lectures in the university is optional, a private teacher or repetent may attract a larger number of auditors than are attracted by a regular professor. The professor is thus constantly spurred on to exertion, by the fear that the lectures of the young candidate will supersede his own. In this manner is he delivered from the temptations to indolence. He has the conviction that unless he remain wakeful and keep himself abreast of his age, his lecture-room will be empty, and his former hearers will be found sitting at the fect of the youthful repetent. The repetent is not entitled to vote in the senate of the professors, but in the lecture-room he may have as much authority and power as his character will give him, and may here surpass the most venerable of the professors.

This rivalry between the young and the old instructors, affecting as it does their pecuniary condition as well as their literary fame, gives an animation to the German universitylife, which is unknown in this country. Often the rivals are bosom friends, and scorn to perform any act which is not honorable and kindly. Often, of course, it is not so. The youthful teachers are tempted to originate new theories, and to attract attention by a dazzling literature, rather than by real wisdom. Still there is activity, even where sound judgment is sacrificed to a parade of learning. Tho evils are incident to a system which keeps up a vigilant spirit among the professors.

Fifthly, if the repetents prove themselves to be well qualified for the work of teaching, they are nominated by the professorial senate, first, to the office of Professor Extraordinarius, and if they are successful in this office, they are nominated to the station of Professor Ordinarius, each successive post bringing an increased emolument. The Rectorship of the university is still another prize held out before the Professor Ordinarius, whose entire life, indeed, is filled with incentives to fresh activity.

The author of the volume before us is one of those young men, who, within a few years, have entered on their carcer of authorship. Although he still remains a repetent at Marburg, he enjoys a high promise of distinction in this or some other university. The present volume will open

to him the path of preferment. Already he has attracted to his lectureroom a larger number of students than listen to some of the eminent and highly meritorious professors at Marburg, and the animated style of this volume affords clear proof that he is skilled in imparting truth, as well as in garnering it into his own mind. It is an earnest of many and rich fruits yet to be received from his study. His tendencies are toward the high orthodoxy of the German Lutheran church, and he is in close sympathy with such divines as Vilmar, Hengstenberg, and Phillippi.

Stated in brief, the design of this volume is to elucidate the difference between the Shemitic and the Indo-Germanic races, and thence to derive a clear view of the difference between the Christian system, which is Shemitic, and the systems of mere science, of naturalism, of paganism, which are Indo-Germanic. The design of the volume is thus to oppose the fundamental principles of Renan and Strauss, and to form an energetic apology for Christianity.

Messrs. Sheldon and Company, New York, have published, in two volumes, "Explanatory Lectures on the Heidelberg Catechism," by George W. Bethune, D.D. These Lectures grew out of a requirement of the Dutch Reformed church in this country that the pastor should go through the exposition of the Catechism once in four years, giving to the congregation on the Sabbath a view of the doctrines taught in it. Forty-seven Lectures are here published. The number would have been extended to about fifty had the author lived to complete the work. The subjects presented are the most important in the theological science, and they are treated in a popular manner, in the pure and finished style for which the author was distinguished. The volumes contain a valuable exposition of the leading doctrines of the Bible; and most of the views presented will meet with a hearty assent in a few instances there is ground for objection.

The beauty and richness of these Lectures will remind the reader of Leighton (12mo. 1864).

President Woolsey of Yale College has prepared a second and much improved edition of his "Introduction to the Study of International Law." The subject of neutral and belligerent rights has assumed new importance in this country since the first edition appeared, and is now fully and thoroughly treated. While the work discusses the most important and intricate questions of state polity, it presents them in a manner attractive and clear, even to those who have not given special attention to the subject.

In England and France persons are educated expressly for diplomatic service; while in this country political prominence is generally the immediate cause of diplomatic appointments. To meet this defect in our own course of education this work is eminently adapted, by its clearness, vigor of thought and admirable arrangement. And especially now, when we are

in the midst of a gigantic war, and are liable to foreign intervention, it becomes us to study the issues that may be presented, and to be ready to decide with fairness the intricate questions which are daily presented to us. Every one who wishes to be able to form in his own mind an opinion on these great questions, and to settle them for himself, will find this an invaluable help in prosecuting such a study. It will also be found a valuable text book in our Colleges. (8vo. pp. 441. New York: Charles Scribner. 1864).

"Ancient Law," by Henry S. Maine, is an exposition of the growth of legal ideas of the expansion of the law of the ancients to meet our broader views of justice.

The author presents the progress of law, from the rude decisions of the earlier kings of Rome to the clearer dicta of the "Twelve Tables," until, by the gradual infusion of Greek skill and learning, useless ceremonies were discarded, and the law approached its present form under the Justinian Code. He explains the gradual development of the principles of equity, by means of "legal fiction" and legislation, until it has reached its present high position in English and American jurisprudence. He also shows the great debt we owe to the past for the persistent efforts of the men of earlier times to elevate the standard of legal practice.

Quite a large portion of the book is devoted to the origin and progress of certain departments of modern law; for instance, the chapter on conveyancing will serve to elucidate what must seem to many, mere forms to which the legal practitioner is constitutionally wedded. The work throughout shows great research and ingenuity. Mr. Maine has filled a gap in our literature which has long remained vacant. To all, not to jurists merely, but to students who wish to understand the growth of constitutional government, which is founded on a liberal rendering of equity, we can commend this book. (8vo. pp. 400. New York: Charles Scribner. 1864.)

A Hebrew Chrestomathy; or Lessons in Reading and Writing Hebrew. By William Henry Green, Professor in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, N. J. 12mo. pp. 261. New York: John Wiley, 535 Broadway. 1864.- This volume is accurately printed; the selections, as well of elementary forms for the exercise of the pupil as of passages for reading from both the prose and poetry of the Old Testament, are judicious, and sufficiently varied and extended; and the notes are accurate and valuable. Immediately following the vocabulary is a classification of nouns “according to the character of their ultimate syllable," which we have long believed to be the true principle, not, indeed, for a philosophical discussion of the forms of nouns in their relation to each other and to the roots from which they spring, but for the student's aid in the elementary part of his

course. The volume forms a good accompaniment to Prof. Green's Hebrew Grammar.

In connection with the above it is in plaec to add, that the "Indexes to Green's Hebrew Grammar," issued, we believe, subsequently to the publication of the Grammar itself, are of great value, adding much to the worth of the original volume.

We have received from Robert Carter and Brothers, 530 Broadway, New York, the following works:

The Dawn of Heaven; or, the Principles of the Heavenly Life applied to the Earthly. By the late Rev. Joseph A. Collier, of Kingston, N. Y. With a brief biographical sketch of the author. 12mo. pp. 305.

God's Way of Holiness. By Horatius Bonar, D.D., Author of "God's Way of Peace," "Hymns of Faith and Hope," etc. 12mo. pp. 261.

The Cedar Christian; and other Practical Papers and Personal Sketches. By Theodore L. Cuyler, Pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Church, Brooklyn. 12mo. pp. 215.

The Martyrs of Spain, and the Liberators of Holland. By the Author of " the Schönberg-Cotta Family." 12mo. pp. 400.

Egypt's Princes. A Narrative of Missionary Labor in the Valley of the Nile. By Julian Lansing, Missionary of the United Presbyterian Church in Egypt. 12mo. pp. 426.

History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin. By J. H. Merle D'Aubigné, D.D., Author of the History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century. Vol. III., France, Switzerland, Geneva. 12mo. pp. 463.

Notes, Critical and Explanatory, on the Book of Genesis. From the Creation to the Covenant. By Melancthon W. Jacobus, Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis in the Theological Seminary at Alleghany, Pa. 12mo. pp. 304.—This volume will be reviewed in a future Number.

We have received from Carlton and Porter, 200 Mulberry Street, New York, the Life and Times of Nathan Bangs, D.D. By Abel Stevens, LL.D., Author of "the History of the Religious Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Methodism." 12mo. pp. 426.-Dr. Bangs was distinguished, not only as a philanthropist and a Christian, but also as an author and a theological controversialist. His controversies with Mr. Williston, Mr. Haskell, and with the conductors of the Christian Spectator, will long be remembered. He was one of the best metaphysicians in the Methodist church.

A Notice of "Religion and Chemistry," by Professor Cooke of Harvard University, prepared for this Number; is omitted, as the work will be reviewed hereafter.