ARTICLE IV.

In pursuance of this concession, His Imdetermined to grant permission for the city perial and Royal Apostolick Majesty has of Cracow to extend its bridges over to the

begining at the spot near the village of Wolica, where a stream falls into the Vistula, shall ascend this stream by Clo, and Koscielniki as far as Czulice, so that these villages may be included in the district of the free town of Cracow : from thence pas-right bank of the Vistula, and to fasten sing along the frontiers of these villages, the line shall continue by Dziekanovice, Garlice, Tomaszou, Karniowice, which shall also remain in the territory of Cracow, to the point where the limit begins which separates the district of Krzeszo wice from that of Olkusz, from thence it shall follow this limit between the two said provinces, till it reaches the frontiers of Silesian Prussia.

ARTICLE VIII.

its boats at those places through which it has always been in the habit of communicating with Podgorze. The city shall be at the expense of repairing the bank where its bridges are anchored or moored. It shall be also at the expense of repairing the bri ges, as well as the ferry-boats provided for the season, when a bridge of boats cannot be maintained.

Should there, however, be any relaxation, neglect, or ill-will, in the establishment, the three Courts shall, if any such facts be proved, order such a police, at the charge of the town, as may be competent to guard against any abuses of this descrip tion in future.

ARTICLE V.

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, wishing particularly to facilitate as much as possible on His part, the commercial relations and good neighbourhood between Galicia and the free towns of Cracow, grants for ever to the town of Podgorze, the privileges of a free commercial town, Immediately after the signature of the such as are enjoyed by the town of Brody. present Treaty, a joint Commission shall This liberty of commerce shall extend to a be appointed, composed of an equal numdistance of 500 toises from the barrier of ber of commissioners and engineers, to the suburbs of the town of Podgorze. In mark out the line of demarcation, to place consequence of this perpetual concession, the boundary-posts, to describe the angles which nevertheless shall not affect the rights and bearings, and to construct a map conof sovereignty of His Imperial and Apostaining a local description, so that no mistolic Majesty, the Austrian custom-houses shall be established only in places situated beyond that limit. No military establishment shall be formed that can menace the neutrality of Cracow, or obstruct the liberty of commerce which His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty grants to the town and district of Podgorze.

ARTICLE IX.

The Courts of Russia, Austria, and Prussia engage to respect, and to cause to be always respected, the neutrality of the free town of Cracow and its territory. No armed force shall be introduced upon any pretence whatever.

On the other hand it is understood and expressly stipulated that no asylum shall be afforded in the free town and territory of Cracow, to fugitives, deserters and per sons under prosecution, belonging to the country of either of the High Powers aforesaid; and in the event of the demand of their surrender by the competent authori ties, such individuals shall be arrested and given up without delay, and conveyed, under a proper escort, to the guard appointed to receive them at the froutier.

The following Articles are comprized in a Treaty between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, of which Cracow is the immediate object.

understanding or doubt may in future arise upon these points. The boundary-posts describing the territory of Cracow, shall be numbered and marked with the arms of the Power bordering on that territory, and those of the free city of Cracow. The frontiers of the Austrian territory, opposite to that of Cracow, being formed by the Thalweg of the Vistula, the Austrian boundary posts shall be fixed on the right bank of that river. The circle compreheading the free commercial territory of Podgorze shall be pointed out by particu and bearing the inscription. "Free Line lar posts, marked with the arms of Austria, of Commerce." Wolny, Okrog, Diahan

dlu.

In order to facilitate the provisioning the city and territory of Cracow, the three High Courts consent to allow fire-wood, coals, and every other article of first necessity, freely to pass and repass through the territory of the city of Cracow.

CONSTITUTION OF THE FREE CITY OF
CRACOW.

ARTICLE I. The Catholic, Apostolic,
religion of the country.
and Roman religion, is confirmed as the

II. Every sect of the Christian religion is free, and cannot constitute any differ ence with regard to social rights.

III. The existing rights of the Agricul- | shall have a Mayor, freely elected and turist, shall be maintained. The law charged with carrying the orders of Goknows no distinction among citizens, pro- vernment into effect. In the country comtecting all alike. The law protects also munes, mayoralities may be discharged by the sects which are tolerated. deputy, if circumstances require it.

IV. The government of the free city of Cracow and its territory, shall be vested in a Senate, composed of twelve members, called Senators, and a President.

V. Nine of the Senators, including the President, shall be elected by the Assembly of Representatives; the remaining four shall be chosen by the Chapter and the Academy, each of which shall have the right of returning two of their members to the Se

nate.

VI. Six members shall be appointed for

life. The President of the Senate shall re

X. The assembly of Representatives shall meet in the month of December each year, and their sitting shall not exceed four weeks. The legislative power shall be vested in this assembly; it shall examine the annual accounts of the public administration, and shall prepare the bers of the Senate, according to the conbudget every year; it shall elect the memtents of the organic Article in this respect; the election of Judges is also vested in this assembly, and they shall have the right (by a majority of two-thirds) to impeach public officers, of whatever rank, if main in office for three years, with the suspected of embezzling money, or guilty power of being re-elected. Half of the reof exaction, or of any other abuse in the maining senators shall retire from the Se-discharge of their offices, and to bring nate every year, to make room for the them before the Supreme Court of Jusnewly elected; the three members who are to vacate their seats at the end of the first year, shall be regulated according to age; that is to say, the youngest members shall go out first. With regard to the four senators elected by the Chapter and Academy, two of them shall remain in office for life; the other two shall be replaced at the end of every year.

tice.

XI. The assembly of Representatives shall be composed;

1. Of the deputies of communes, each electing one.

2. Of three members chosen by the Se

nate.

3. Of three prelates, appointed by the Chapter.

4. Of three doctors of the faculties, appointed by the University.

5. Of six magistrates of arbitration, ac

VII. The members of the secular clergy, and of the University, as well as the owners of land, houses, or any other kind of property, who pay fifty Polish florins land tax; all proprietors of manufactories, merchants, and all who are registered as mem-tually in office, who shall serve in rotation. bers of the Exchange, distinguished artists, and professors of schools, shall as soon as they have attained the required age, have the political right of voting. They may also be elected, provided they fulfil the other conditions which the law enjoins.

VIII. The members of the Administration shall be appointed by the Senate, which has the privilege of dismissing at pleasure, public officers employed under its authority. It has likewise the nomination to ecclesiastical livings, the presentation to which belongs to the State; with the exception of four places in the chapter, which shall be ‘reserved for the doctors of the faculties discharging the offices of instructors, and to which places the Academy shall appoint.

IX. The city of Cracow with its territory shall be divided into city and country communes. The former shall, each of them, as far as local circumstances may permit, have a population of two thousand souls, and the latter three thousand five hundred, at least. Each of these commnues

The President of the Committee shall be chosen from the three members appointed by the Senate. No project of a law, tending to introduce any alteration in an existing law or regulation, shall be proposed to the Committee of Representatives, unless it shall have been previously communicated to the Senate, and have received their sanction by a majority.

XII. The assemby of Representatives shall employ itself in framing a civil and criminal code of laws, aud in regulating the forms of proceeding They shall ap point without delay a Committee to prepare the same, in the framing of which due regard shall be had to the local circumstances of the country, and to the habits of the people. Two members of the Senate shall be attached to this Committee.

XIII. If a law has not received the consent of seven-eighths of the Representatives, and if the Senate declares, by a majority of nine votes, that the public interest requires it to be submitted again to the consideration of the Legislators, it shall be

referred a second time to the decision of the Assembly of the following year. If it be an object of finance, the law of the preceding year shall remain in force until the new law has passed.

XIV. The assembly of Representatives shall appoint a Magistrate of Arbitration to every district, consisting of not less than six thousand souls. He shall exercise his functions for three years. Besides his duty as Arbitrator, his business shall be to watch over the interests of minors, as well as to take cognisance of all suits relating to funds and landed property belonging to the State, or to public institutions. Upon all matters referred to him in his double capacity, he shall communicate with the youngest Senator, whose special duty it shall be to attend to the interest of minors, and to actions of law concerning funds or landed property of the State.

3. Of the Presidents of the two Courts of Justice.

4. Of four Magistrates of Arbitration in their turn.

5. Of three citizens, chosen by the public officer brought to trial.

Nine members are necessary to pronounce the sentence.

XVII. Civil and criminal causes are to be decided in open court. In the mode of proceeding, (and, in the first instauce, in causes strictly criminal) the institution of Juries shall be introduced, and adapted to the local situation of the country, and to the information and character of the inhabitants.

XVIII. The judiciary body is independent.

This Constitution, we see, provides for the free exercise of Religion, alXV. There shall be a Court of "First though it confirms a Church EstablishInstance," and a Court of Appeal. Three ment, in the first place, and before it Judges in the former, and four in the lat-proceeds to institute civil authorities or ter Court, including their Presidents, municipal powers ;-And this, be it shall hold their appointments for life. The other judges attached to each of these remembered, is an agreement between Catholic Courts, to the number which local circum- the Emperor of Austria, a stances may require, shall depend upon Sovereign, the King of Prussia, a Prothe free election of the communes, and testant, and the Emperor of Russia, a shall remain in office no longer than the member of the Greek Church. We period specified in the organic laws. These augur from this that Potentates of all two Courts shall try causes of all descrip- parties are convinced of the necessity, tions, whatever be their nature, or the and the Duty of Religious Toleration. rank of the parties. If the decision of both Courts be alike, no further appeal The principles of Representative Gocan be had. If their verdicts are essenti-vernment, are the second particular ally at variance, or if the Academy, after having examined the written pleadings, declare that there is ground for a complaint of a violation of law, or that the essential forms of proceeding have not been observed in a civil cause, as well with re

gard to sentences inflicting capital or ignominious punishment, the suit shall again be brought before the Court of Appeal; but in this case, there shall be added to the ordinary number of Judges, all the Magistrates of Arbitration belonging to the city, and four individuals, two of whom shall be chosen by each of the leading parties concerned, from among the citizens. Three Judges are necessary to give judgment in the first instance, five in the second, and seven in the last resort.

XVI. The supreme Court appointed to try such causes as are referred to in the tenth Article, shall be composed;

deserving notice. Part of the Representative body is to be elected by one class of Constituents; part by another : uniting popularity with dignity.

To render this more effectual, those who are entitled to vote are particularized: not the man who has nothing to lose; not the man only who possesses wealth; whoever contributes moderately to the public welfare, whoever is duly registered, is qualified to vote.

That all these precautions taken in behalf of Commerce, strengthened by stipulations and institutions in favour of general Liberty may be effectual, all must wish that they may be durable, all must devoutly desire; but none will more sincerely rejoice in such felicity than the writer and his coadjutors who, in these articles, have humbly endeavoured to set before the Public the plans devised and adopted for perpetuating the Peace now so happily achieved.

The Congress of Vienna. By M. de Pradt. Translated from the French. 8vo. pp. 240. Leigh, London. 1816.

at

M. de Pradt has lately excited a considerable degree of notice among us, and, indeed, throughout Europe, by his narrative of the conduct of Napoleon, on his flight from his army, consumed by frost and famine, in 1812. He was, that time, Ambassador on the part of France, at Warsaw. That station afforded him advantages in point of information, relative to the real disposition of the people of Poland; and, if we may believe him, he ventured to inform the Emperor and King, that the Polanders disliked, perhaps hated him, and that he was to expect nothing from their good will.

France with an eye of determinate and indignant jealousy; and that Prussia is brought into contact with France, as one consequence of this very feeling.

France has more securities for her

good behaviour placed around her, than appears at first sight. On the ocean, the power of her neighbours is too of equalling it, for a long time to come. highly ascendant, to suffer her to think Belgium forms a frontier against France

-or soon will form such a frontieras France lately formed against Belthat country take place, on her part, gium; and should any irruption into there are various powerful sovereigns, whose attention, and whose resistance, MUST be instantly drawn to her proceedings. Her restless spirit must be confined; though it may not be wholly

extinction.

This writer has shewn his acquaint-destroyed: we may hope for its better ance with the nature of a Congress, by employment, though not for its absolute his speculations on that, formerly assembled at Rastadt; he has also written on the interests of Prussia, and on Colonies. His talents do not appear to us to be of the first order; and we are mistaken, if a certain meddling disposition be not combined with his mental constitution. His work alludes to much that were desirable; to much more that were impracticable. If his wishes were realized, some powers would become stronger; but whether all would become happier, may be doubted. His observations are, often, such as have occurred repeatedly, to every man of sense; but he has not felt the difficulties which every man of sense must feel, in reducing them to matter of fact.

This writer drops several hints important to Britain; he acknowledges the high ground on which her character He observes, stands at this moment. that of all the powers assembled at the Congress, Britain, only, had nothing for which to negotiate. What she possessed she kept: she asked no more. But, those possessions, which were not, which might not be, brought into question, are such as could not possibly have entered the dreams of the most sanguine politician a hundred years ago. This is true: yet we venture to think more highly still of that moral influence which her political principles, and her universally admired constitution, have obtained for her. Let the practical benefits of these be felt; and the influence of Britain will be as extensive as her most ardent well-wisher can

desire.

And yet, it may be, that a better apology for the definitive arrangements made by the Congress at Vienna, can hardly be expected, than this very work, which complains so perpetually of their insufficiency affords. Much greater M. de Pradt takes an enlarged view obstacles existed to any settlement, at all, of the interests of Europe, and of those than has usually been supposed; and of the various European (Continental) the reader of this work will discern in it States, individually. He complains of many, to which the writer himself was the advantages given to Austria, in blind. That M. de P. wishes well to Italy; but approves of establishing the France, is certain; that he wishes well to new State of Belgium. He thinks Prussia, also, as the political ally of Saxony and Denmark have been ill France, is no less certain: but he for- used; as if it could be endured that gets, that all Europe has been taught Princes, which to their very utmost reby lamentable experience to look on [sisted the renovation of Europe, and

supported the cause of the falling Usurper to the last day, the last hour, the last moment, should derive a bonus from their obstinacy,-should be rewarded for their imbecility and their perverseness, at the expence of those who had exhausted their blood and treasure!

sufficiently hate them; that we cannot sufficiently insult them; that we cannot suffi ciently provoke them; and that it is not in our power to treat them with sufficient atrocity and perfidy. In consequence of being constantly repeated, the language has become universal. There are nations

of whom we can only speak with insult, because we have insulted them for twenty years. The most odious imputations have been received into general usage, and be come a part of our vocabularies. We have even gone so far as to represent the happiness of some as incompatible with that of others. In short, we have seen professors of national hatred.

In our opinion, Saxony and Denmark stand as demonstrations that, in the long run, nothing is gained by treachery. The Sovereigns of the world will do well to remember this. The cause of bonour may suffer; and hard necessity may sometimes be pleaded for a momentary recession from it; but, if all European Potentates had done their duty years ago, the subsequent suffer-able ings of their dominions had never happened.

With this conviction we insert a specimen of our author's reasonings. Of Political Writers, and their Relations with the Preservation of Peace.

This doctrine proceeds from the school of Caeu.

It is time to put an end to these detestpractices.

Let us act

Now that our materiel armour is cast aside, let that armour which may be termed We shall not enter into this author's moral armour be also cast aside, this arobservations, at large; but, there is mour still more envenomed in its effects much good sense in the advice he ad-than the former. Let the language of dresses to his countrymen, and through peace succeed to that of war. them to the world. Among the disas-like the Romans, when they deposited their militrary vestments and assumed the trous signs of the times, none is more habits of peaceable citizens. In vain will afflictive than the prolongation of that "peace" be inscribed on the public redisposition to censure and sneer, which cords, if the feelings of war still exist in our now seems to be interwoven in the very hearts. In vain will the language of peace texture of political rivalship. have been used by the representatives of nations, if only the language of war is to be found in the mouth of their interpreters. Let us understand the matter. Do we wish to lead men to mutual extermination - to believe that a good neighbourhood is War has been made for twenty-five impossible to grieve at the prosperity of years, and we have always spoken of peace. others to seek in all their actions for There were those who would have per causes of criminations and sinister designs? suaded us that they wished for peace, and If such is the intention, it is in vain that we it was their adversaries that desired war. speak and think of peace. What sign of All feigned a desire for peace. It has been reconciliation does it preseut to men, viby constantly keeping peace in view that siting a country, if they hear only incessant people have been induced to support the complaints of the ambition, perfidy, and war. To make war, in order to conquer malevolent views of their hosts? Let peace, has been the universal cry. At last this dishonourable and murderous language this peace, so ardently desired, so long ex- have a termination! Let all provocapected, has arrived: but, in order that the tions, suspicions, and imputations, disworld should enjoy it, it will be necessary appear. Let each nation find in the to banish the toue and language which writings of others, the same safety offered embitter the actions of mau, and ulcerate them by their territory. Let dignity prehis heart. They have succeeded too well side in our judgments of the actions of in dividing the interests of men, and in ren- other nations, for none can with propriety dering those enemies who are in fact mem-be assailed or contemned. Let benevo bers of one family. The custom of the Eastern sovereigns on their accession to the throne, with regard to their unfortunate brothers, has been too much adopted in the political world, and by those who occupy it. Not being able to overcome our enemies, we appear to think that we cannot

lence either palliate or conceal past wrongs. Let our mutual envy [emulation?] be that which we can exercise without offence;→ that of virtue and talents.

* Recollect the language used relative to Great Britain for the past twenty years !