We speak not in this article, of things as they were, but as they are: not of the exploits of Dragut or Mustapha, not of the barrier formerly intended by the Knights of Rhodes or of Malta; now, not existing even in name; but we speak of cruelties practiced on Christians of every nation, and of indiscriminate slaughter, involving our own countrymen, and the official representative of our country. The matter is come to a crisis; and what must be done, will probably before long be properly understood from what has been done. May it prove happily and finally effectual !

Scientific Swimming; being a Series of Practical Instruction, on an Original and Progressive Plan, &c. with twelve Engravings. By J. Frost, 8vo. Price 8s. For the Author. London. 1816.

and must now be taught as an art: that is to say, in order to convey the necessary instruction in as short a time as possible, it must be reduced to regula rity and system, that the memory may retain and apply it. The chief requisite for acquiring this art is self-possession; could this be warranted without practice, we should think the rest might be left to nature; but, whoever is familiar with the water, knows that a sense of danger is always detrimental, and that a prevalent sense of danger is not infréquently fatal.

per

If we had no other motive than that kind of anticipation of possible utility, which the thoughtful will ever connect with the art of swimming, we should incline to commend Mr. Frost's formance. But, his precepts deserve attention for other causes, also; and as the season for practice is now arrived, we give leave, under proper precautions, for those who choose, to add this to the enjoyments of their summer resi deuce.

The art of swimming consists of two parts, that of floating above water: that of diving under water. We differ from the author, in thinking the latter of great consequence; and requiring much and scientific effort. By way of rendering our report on the book as useful as may be, we extract the following observations, to which accident may impartim portance.

WE have often meditated on the natural advantages of man, in comparison with the creatures around him. He does not possess any one quality or power in an equal degree with some which might be named; but be combines more, with a greater share of each, than any one that can be named. Among other qualities though formed for loco-motion on the earth, and dependant for his life on the air, yet he does not refuse the water, and some of his species are almost amphibious, by habit, if not by nature. It is nothing uncommon to read in In the preceding chapter, on floating, voyages to the South Sea, of the natives it has been noticed, that man is specifiof the many islands swimming out to sea, cally lighter than water; consequently, he for miles to meet an approaching vessel. cannot sink, so long as he keeps the water Nor is this talent confined to the male ral, are still lighter, and it is earnestly refrom getting into him. Women, in genesex; the women also do the same with-quested, that, as they value their own se out fear, and without weariness. The curity, they will pay a particular attention same is true of many nations of Africa, to this chapter. whose manner of treading the water has been noticed with admiration by various voyagers. It is the pent up citizen who foregoes this exercise, with many others equally natural. The customs of civilized life, the force of sedentary ployments, the considerations of convenience and inconvenience, have nished the study of natation from great cities.

To remain suspended in the water, it is necessary to be so far collected, as to avoid struggling; the head must be thrown quite back, and the chin elevated higher than the forehead; the breast must be inem-flated, the back made quite hollow, and

the arms and hands kept under water. bathe body will settle in a diagonal direction, These directions being carefully observed, the face floating above the water; so that a person, especially oue rather buoyant, will be able to breathe, and may proba bly hold out until and arrive, or the cur

Hence, what is in itself little other than a dictate of nature is relinquished,

rent shall carry him to some shallow place,* But great care must be taken, that the breast be constantly inflated. The subject is, undoubtedly, of sufficient impor. tance to induce a trial being made; but frequent trials are advised, in order to make the practice familiar, provided it is thought better to swim than to sink.

By thus proving the buoyant power of water, courage will be inspired, confi. dence established, and an acquaintance with swimming naturally facilitated. The experiment may be made without deep water, by drawing in the legs, and carefully attending to the instructions.

Remarks on the Review of Inchiquin's Letters, published in the Quarterly Review; Addressed to George Canning, Esq. By an Inhabitant of New England. Svo. pp. 188. Boston. 1815. Two or three years ago a work was published in America under the tittle of Inchiquin the Jesuit's letters, during a late residence in the United States of America." A copy of this work served as a kind of text to a somewhat extensive article in the twentieth number of Among the most painful moments of the Quarterly Review. The contents life are those when a fellow creature, of that article gave great offence in Ameperhaps a friend, is seen sinking, and rica: it was examined in New York, no assistance can be afforded. In such in Philadelphia, and in Boston. The cases, exertion is prompted beyond Boston performance is that now before safety; the following rules are worth us. Massachusetts never was forward retaining they may contribute to save to defend the measures of Mr. Madison, both the party in danger, and his strain-in his war against Britain: it therefore ingly anxious deliverer.

The greatest care should be taken to avoid being caught hold of. If the swimmer cau seize a rail, a pale, or any thing of the kind, to push before him, he may employ it to great advantage, as the distressed party will instantly lay hold of any thing within his reach, and may then be pushed forward without danger: or, if he can convey his coat, or any thing for him to grasp hold of, he may be dragged along with little hazard. If nothing is at hand, the best way is to lay hold of the drowning person's hair, keeping him at a distance, as much as possible.

Note. The writer is of opinion, that a piece of cork fastened to a long slender cord, should be kept in every ferry: this would be found an excellent instrument in case of accident, as it might be cast to the distressed, and when laid hold on would be quickly drawn to land. The cord should be wound round the cork, so as to be in the greatest readiness for use; and 'should have a knot or two at the end, for good hand-hold.

The author should have added the directions of the Humane Society, in case

of accidents.

The plates are a considerable advantage to the work.

does not surprise us to find this writer's admissions agree pretty closely with our own sentiments.

But, we have no intention of reviving animosities much more properly for gotten. This work might serve to introduce a view of much of the mechanism of American Society. It is true, that the writer contrasts it with the manners of the " Old Country," and always to the disadvantage of the latter; but, that does not hinder our obtaining a glance at what passes among his friends,

We might remind him—and we do remind him, that re-crimination is not justification: that going back to the times of Wilkes and liberty, Sir Francis Burdett, and his mobs, &c, is no vindication of what he confesses: "We have undoubtedly scandalous members in our Congress." Have you scandalous members in your Congress? the fact should be lamented; whatever be the degree of similar evil elsewhere. The elections in America, he says, are nothing equal in violence and profligacy to those in England.

The writer also attributes other irregularities of America, the Camp Meet

We remember an instance of the ad-ings of the Methodists, for instance, to vantage of this recollection in Col. Camp bell, who was shipwrecked on his passage to India: not knowing how to swim, he trusted to his buoyancy, carefully retained his breath, and the tide carried him to the ahore.-Edit.

travelling agents sent over from England;-and he denies that they, or any thing appertaining to them, are half so phrenetic as the stories of Brothers, and of Johanna Southcott, of pregnant mes

der, that when such is the manner of induction into the sacred office," single duty should be sometimes performed only every other Sunday, at ten, or even at nine, in the morning, leaving all the rest of the day Clergyman, who gallops to the church, galto revelling and drunkenness; or that a lops through the service, and gallops away again; that he has a liturgy and rubric of his own; that the Decalogue is hurried over in the desk with as litle ceremony as the detail of a fox chase; that in many parishes the whole morning service does uct (including the sermon) occupy three quarters of an hour; that the sacrament should be unfrequently administered, and that it should be alleged, as an excuse, that there are no communicants; or that original composition is scarcely known among these Ministers; that even their selections are injudicious, and so often repeated, as to be quite familiar to the audience; or that pastoral visits should not only be greatly neglected, or wholly discontinued, but even their obligation be denied; or that the Clergy should be convinced, that the duties of hospitality and of domestic instruction and consolation to the young, the depraved, the decrepid, and the dying, form no part of the demand, which their parishioners have upon them.

mory. The errors of certain Clergymen, too, on those occasions, do not pass without notice; and he even castigates the church with scourges drawn from the confessions of Bishop Burnet. He adds, in reference to present times, Now, Sir, when "the principles of religion form, at Cambridge no step whatever, and, at Oxford, a very trifling one, to a degree;" when the student has " often by Euclid alone attained that object, and become a candidate for holy orders:" when, "so very lax has become the examination for orders, that there is no man, who has taken a degree at the university, who cannot reckon on ordination as a certainty, whatever his attainments in learning, morals, or religion;" when "the only qualifications are to be able to construe a chapter in the Greek Testament, and answer a few questions out of Grotius;" when one of these young men to the questions, "Who was the Mediator between God and man" answered "The Archbishop of Canterbury; what must be the future character of the Clergy, thus inducted into their sacred office? Must not "a great proportion of them be, as asserted by this Letter-writer, "a set of men, wrapt up in secular pursuits, with a total indifference to the spiritual duties of their calling?" Is it Now, we shall not retort, as we strange, that" many of them seem to might do, by setting before our readers consider that they are appointed to a life of a true statement of the condition of Resloth and inactivity, or merely to feed upon ligion in America, as confessed by a the fat of the land; and that in return for immense and growing revenues they have public body, (which will appear, peronly to gabble through a few formal offices?haps, in our next Number)-but, we Can we be surprised that the reverend associates, and abettors, of public corruption and profligacy walk about your streets, unsilenced and unchastised; that a horse race, a fox chase, or a boxing match," which I suppose are in the list of clerical amusements in Great Britain, " is never without its reverend attendants, and that the man, who in the house of God hurries over the offices of devotion, as beneath his attention, will be seen the next day, the noisy toast-muster, and songster of a club "ly much to the disadvantage of the latter Are we to be astonished when we consider "their professional indolence, but one degree removed from positive misconduct, as a contrast to their occasional activity at a county election in a cathedral county town; or that in such contests you have the honour of finding yourself acting in concert with deans, chancellors, archdeacons, prebendaries and minor-canons without number; or that on such occasions grave, very grave, persons are to be seen, shouting the chorus of some election ribaldry ?"

Can you, Sir, can any Englishman won.

shall remark that some of these things have undergone a partial reform; that every virtuous patriot deeply laments the existence in any degree, of others; and that whoever could devise a plan effectually to prevent them would deserve a statue of gold from the English people.

The expences of living.Tavern living, in America, are contrasted with those of living in England; undoubted

country; and we believe too justly.

The writer's vindication of the Ameri can ladies, we have too much gallantry to dispute. He is not equally happy in his remarks on slavery and the Slave Trade. America professes to be the first country in the world in point of liberty: America holds thousands and tens of thousands of human beings in slavery: there s no possibility of reConciling this contradiction between profession and practice.

The state of public manners is certainly too bad among us; but we could tell tales derived from parties to the crimes, at which every truly wise and good American would tremble. As to the state of learning among us, of arts, sciences, and inventions, let Europe pronounce its opinion. The Continent has had opportunities of forming and fixing its judgment, and we know that every thing that can be brought into comparison is always compared to an English article of the same kind, which, as its highest commendation, it is said almost to equal.

When the writer complains of the system of abuse pursued in England towards America, we think he mistakes the matter; but, we insert his own account of what, no doubt, gaye occasion to it.

Let me ask you in the first place," Cui bono erit?" This question is with particular propriety addressed to you, Sir; a man of talents, a professed patriot, and a statesman. This writer asserts, that the Americans indulge an intense hatred towards Great Britain. Whence is the assertion derived? Is the proof found in the war, which our Government has declared against yours? That our Government, independently of this act, is hostile to yours, there can be no reasonable doubt, if by our Government we understand Mr. Madison and his minions. But even they did not declare war on this ground. Mr. Madison wanted a re-election. The Georgians wanted to lay hold on the Floridas, that they might no longer be an asylum for their runaway slaves. The people of Tennessee wanted to get possession of the river Mobile. Those of Kentucky wanted to possess themselves of Indian lands; and those of Ohio wished, to be delivered from the fear of savage incursions. The people of Virginia wished to preserve the reigning Dynasty, and to keep the throne in the regular Virginian succession. By all these, or by the leaders of all these, it was announced to Mr. Madison, as I verily believe, that, unless he would consent to the war, they would withhold from him their suffrages, In the mean time their great friend, the Emperor Napoleon, was expected to drive Alexander from his throne, and to overrun Russia with French Myrmidions. The Continental system was to be carried into complete execution: Great Britain was to supplicate, and, if possible, obtain, peace from the French Emperor: and then all these sorts of men were to see themselves in full possession of their wishes.

So then, the Governors were governed by their subjects! worthy wights!

After all, this work may serve as a caution to the unwary how they abuse their country: every word they speak to its disadvantage, is treasured up, abroad:-can such be their intention?

The writer gives the following history of a most useful instrument in our navy is it correct?

In your account of Hadley's Quadrant you are equally unhappy. It was invented, by a Mr. Godfrey, of Philadelphia. Permit me to tell you the story.

A considerable premium had been offered in London for the invention of a Quadrant possessing the properties, which were ultimately attained in this. Godfrey, a poor but ingenious man, applied himself diligently to the business of forming one, which should answer the description given in these proposals, and succeeded. To acquire the premium, and the honour of the invention, he engaged a passage to England in a ship, just ready to sail from Philadel phia. John Hadley, Esq. then commanded a ship, lying also in the Delaware; and invited the Captain, with whom Godfrey was to sail, to dine with him. After dinner he brought out a Quadrant, which he considered as superior to those in common use. His guest told him, that if he would dine with him the next day, he would shew him one, lately invented by a Philadelphian, which was much superior to his own. Hadley consented, and came the next day, provided with the means of taking an exact description of the new quadrant. After they had dined, the quadrant was produced, and Hadley took a description of it. His ship being ready to sail, he fell down the river that night; and, having a very short passage to England, procured a quadrant to be made of the same structure. Some weeks afterwards the ship, in which Godfrey sailed, arrived in England. Here he found among that class of people, who were interested in such a subject, much conversation about Hadley's quadrant, as being a new and very happy invention, and much superior to any which had before been known. He procured a sight of the instrument, and found it exactly the same with his own. You may suppose, that he was astonished at this discovery. The Captain, scarcely less astonished at the grossness of the fraud, and deeply wounded by this proof of his own indiscretion, explained the mystery to Godfrey. The unhappy man became a maniac. Your countryman was, indeed, ingenious, Sir. wish he had been honest.

The Art of Making Masts, Yards, Gaffs, Booms, Blocks, and Oars, as practised in the Royal Navy, and according to the most approved methods in the Merchant service, &c.. With a separate volume of large engravings. Se cond edition, price 11. Steel and God -dard, London. - 1816.

If it were not for shame, now could the whole corps of Panoramists confess, that they have met with a book on which they are not competent to give an opinion. Let it not be thought that all of them are land-lubbers, who know not what a mast, or a yard is made of; but rather, that the treatise on the table, demands the judgment of practical men; of men who have served a long appren ticeship to this branch of operative mathematics; for such, it really is. The diniensions of masts, the composition of masts made out of several trees, the conversion of the timber proper for the pur pose, the weight and proportions of these indispensible parts of vessels of every size which are treated on in this workcan only be accurately known by those whose daily study and application has become habit. These particulars are moreover liable to changes, and it may well be supposed that in a nation so nautical as our own, variations will take place from time to time, and under the character of improvements. That there has been room for improvement is clear from the following Orders; and that there still is room, may be surmised without offence: for, to say no more, why might not some of these regulations be generally adopted in merchant vessels, and thereby, difficulties which occur in foreign ports, or under distressing events, be met with greater readiness than is at present possible? We consider these orders as interesting to the whole of the British navy and therefore insert them; especially as the work, however important and laudable does not allow of an extract.

London, April 24, 1816. Within a few days of the present date, or ders have been issued for the following important alterations in the Royal Navy. Vol. IV. LIT. PAN. 21. N. S. JULY 1816.

The Fore and Main Masts of all ships are, in future, to be so much alike as to an

swer for each other. The same rule is to be observed with regard to the Topmasts and their respective Yards.

་་ ས།

The Blocks at the Heels of Topmasts are to be discontinued; particularly in line-ofbattle ships.

The Topmasts to be made of as small sticks as possible, and the sheave-hole to be placed nearer the heel. The several quarters will thus be brought nearer to the butt, and the sizes of the sticks diminished; but, as some of the rough sticks will work larger one way than the other, in the upper quarters, and thereby increase the circumference of the wood where strength is so requisite, this additional wood is to be left, so as to give the mast an oval circumference. An iron hoop is to be placed below the sheavehole and above the fiel-plate.

The Caps of Topmasts are to have a semicircle cut at the after part, with an iron clamp to fit, so as to admit of getting a topgallant-mast up abaft the topmast, if neces sary, when in chase.

Tops and Trestle trees are to be planed underneath, and the after part of the fore and the after part of the mizen top one foot and main tops is to be eighteen inches wider, wider, than at the chain-plate for the foremost shrouds. The inside of the Tops, on each side, by the part called Lubber's Hole, is to have a flap and hinges, so that a topgallaut-yard, mast, or a topsail, may pass

within it.

Driver-Booms, as used in 1806, are to be reduced two inches in every yard. The length of the gaff to be in proportion to the sail, and three feet added thereto, for the purpose of showing signals.

The Heels of Jib-Booms are to be left square, in order to serve, occasionally, for mizen topmasts; and the Hearts to be prepared conformably thereto.

The Mountain Boy: a metrical romance.
By John Bird, Esq. 8vo. price 9s.
Underwood, London. 1816.

This, says the Advertisement, is the first essay of an inexperienced Muse; it modestly claims but "to afford an innocent amusement for a vacant hour." It is impossible to treat harshly pretensions so little presuming. Those who look in the Mountain Boy for the higher style of romance, and for supernatural events, will be disappointed: neither is the ver sification of that impassioned description which thrills through the heart, and de

Y