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HUNGARY.

National science, promoted.

M. Jacques Ferdinand de Miller, direcfor of the National Museum of Hungary, is on the point of publishing the first volume of Acta Musei Nationalis Hungarici. It will contain the history of this establishment, with critical notes of valuable MSS. preserved in the Museum. The Natural History department of this Museum already occupies the new station assigned it by Count Bathyani. The library, with the cabinet of medals, antiquities, &c. are in preparation for removal to the same

structure.

One good turn deserves another.

M. Mazoi has published at Naples, the first part of Ruins of Pompeii, in large folio, with plates. This work comprizes among other things, a description of the Tombs discovered in that city, some of which have been described by M. Millin, and which are also included in the great work that the Royal Academy of Naples is preparing on the Ruins of Pompeii, as soon

as the excavations are further advanced.

PRUSSIA.

The Academy of Sciences of Berlin has proposed for the year 1816, the following Prize Question:

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To determine by a critical examination, of what may be found in the ancients, and by comparing these with monuments still existing, the relations which formerly subsisted between the Greeks and Egyptians The Protestant preacher, Gideon Deaky respecting religion, customs, sciences, and has published at Presburgh, in the Hunga-arts; and to demonstrate, if it be possible, rian language, An Apology for the character and conduct of Pope Pius VII. We hope that, in return, Pope Pius VII. will send the Protestant preacher, Gideon Deaky, a full and complete pardon for all his sins; with absolution ordinary and extraordinary, and a proper assortment of indulgences, which may stand him in stead of an apology for his character and conduct.

ITALY.

Italian Society of Sciences and Arts, at Leghorn. This Society is divided into four classes, the first of which investigates moral philosophy, history, legislation, statistics, and politics. The second, devotes itself to mathematical and philosophical sciences, including also medicine. The third to Philosophy and Belles Lettres; and the fourth to the Fine Arts. This Society is, however, somewhat slow in its publications, no doubt, owing to the calamitous circumstances under which it has suffered of late years. It is now some years since it published the last two volumes of memoirs, under the title of Atti dell' Academia Italiani, &c.

Discoveries at Pompeii.

that the different ideas on these subjects found among the Greeks, have been transmitted to them from the Egyptians: also, the medium of communication of such ideas. The prize is one hundred ducats.

RUSSIA.

New Journal.

Russische Sammlung, &c. Collection of Russian Natural History and Medicine: to be published in numbers at Riga.

This is a new Journal, of which the first number only has yet appeared. The editors propose to collect the memoirs of Russian writers on the state and progress of Natural History, Natural Philosophy, and Medicine, comprising whatever experiments or observations, on natural phenomena, or on any branch of the medical art, may come to their knowledge. Secondly, to promote the progress of Science, generally, and of the Curative Art, in particular, by observations on the difference of climates, productions, peoples, their state of health, or of disease, &c. The present state of medicine, the progress of literature, referring to it, all public orders which affect its establishments, colleges, scientific collections. &c. The plan embraces the three distinctions of medicine, the popular, the legal, and the veterinary.

SWEDEN.

Literary Societies.

It is proper that we should record a Volume by M. A. L. Millin, printed at Naples in 1813, under the title of a Description of the Tombs which were discovered at Pompeii in the year 1812. It The Literary Societies existing in Stockis illustrated by seven plates; and is more holm are 1. The Academy of Sciences, particularly worthy of notice on account founded March 31, 1741. This institution, of the very learned notes which accompany a few years ago, counted ninety-six ordiit, in which the author illustrates many nary members, and sixty honerary in foparticulars of the customary rites at fune-reign parts. It possesses a museum, a lira's practised among various ancient na

tious.

brary, and an observatory. 2. The Academy of Belles Lettres, History, and Anti

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Intelligence from the British Settlements in India,

quities, founded by King Adolphus Frederic
in 1659: S. The Swedish Academy, founded
in imitation of the French Academy, in
1786, by Gustavus Ill. The number of
its members is fixed at eighteen.
these are-A Military Academy—A Pa-
Beside
triotic Society-A Society Pro Patria,-an
Agricultural Society-an Academy of
Painting and Sculpture-and an Academy
of Music.

The Medical Society of Stockholm, is the
only one of its kind now existing in Swe-

den. It was formed and founded in a friendly meeting of seven physicians, Messrs. de Schulztheim, Hagstroem, Gahn, Gadelius, Giftren, and de Traufenfeld. It was constituted a public Medical Society, by a Decree of the Government dated December 31, 1807, and assembled for the first time, October, 25, 1808, to settle its organization. Its first open Session was October 2, 1810. The King has granted it the privilege of free postage throughout the kingdom, in order to facilitate the means of its correspondence.

Its annual meeting is usually held in October. The ordinary meetings are held every Tuesday, for the purpose of deliberating on the different diseases which have appeared, for reading correspondence,

&c.

The Society possesses a considerable library, especially of foreign books, with the medical journals of all foreign parts. It has, also, formed a museum of Natural History, Anatomy, instruments of Surgery, &c. and it publishes a Journal under the title of Svenska Lackare Saellskapets Handlingar.

WESTPHALIA.

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INTERESTING INTELLIGENCE

FROM THE

BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA.

ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENT,

What

THE following appointment concerus
the Christian world at large. Very rarely
not India only, but the British nation, and
point Bishops in parts so distant, and we
have our Sovereigns had occasion to ap
recollect at this moment, no other than
the Bishop of Quebec, in the British Set-
tlements, and a Bishop consecrated for
the purpose of transmitting the succession
in the United States of America.
effect this Ecclesiastical Establishment
may have on the heathen of India, time
will shew: and when India breaks off its
tainly it will not be eternal-this provision
present connection with Britain-for cer-
for succeeding Church Officers, may have
important consequences. We understand,
that already the presence of their Bishop
among the Europeans. Our pages record
has had its influence on the higher officers,
various efforts made and making to spread
Christianity in that country, to which
every well disposed mind must earnestly
wish that this measure also may essentially
contribute.

EXTRACT FROM THE LETTERS PATENT
GRANTED BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE
PRINCE REGENT, ON BEHALF
MAJESTY, UNDER DATE 2D MAY, 1814.
OF HIS

grant to the said Thomas Fanshaw Middle-
"AND we do by these presents give and
ton, and his successors, Bishop of Calcutta,
full power and authority to confer the
orders of deacon and priest, to confirm
those that are baptized and come to years
of discretion, and to perform all the other
functions peculiar and appropriated to the
said see, but not elsewhere-such Bishop
office of a Bishop, within the limits of the
and his successors having been first duly or-

A Political Journal, said to be well conducted, under the title of Neue Fackeln, &c. New Flambeaux, lately reached as far as three volumes; when it sunk, apparently for want of support:-and rumour affirms, that it wanted support, because its principal object was, to expose the defects and abuses which existed in the administration of the ci-devant kingdom of Westphalia. If these grievances were weighty, and if the exposure of them was intended to obtain a remedy, by enlightening the public officers, we are sorry this work should fail ;-but, if it were of a jacobinical cast, and contri-dained or consecrated Bishops according to buted to render the people discontented, without adequate cause, we cannot but consider its want of success as a proof that the Westphalians have had quite enough of the blessings attendant on Political alterations.

the form prescribed by the liturgy of the
Church of England, and also by himself
sary, or commissaries, to exercise jurisdic-
or themselves, or by his or their commis-
tion, spiritual and ecclesiastical, in and
throughout the said see and diocese, ac-

persons and affairs, we do hereby erect found and constitute one archdeaconry in and over the presidency of Fort William in Bengal, to be styled the archdeaconry of Calcutta, and one other archdeaconry in and over the presidency of Fort St. George on the Coast of Coromandel, to be styled the archdeaconry of Madras, and also one other archdeaconry in and over the presidency of the island of Bombay, on the coast of Malabar, to be styled the archdeaconry of Bombay ;-all such archdeaconries to be subject and subordinate to the said Bishop's see of Calcutta. And to the end that this our intention may be carried into due effect, We, having great confidence in the learning, morals, probity, and prudence of our beloved Henry Lloyd Loring, M. A. John Mousley, M.A. and George Barnes, M. A. do name and appoint him the said H. L. Loring, to be archdeacon of the archdeaconry of Calcutta; and him the said J. Mousley to be archdeacon of the archdeaconry of Madras; and him the said G. Barnes, to be archdeacon of the archdeaconry of Bombay-the said archdeacon shall within his archdeaconry be assisting to the Bishop of Calcutta, in the exercise of such episcopal jurisdiction and functions as we have hereby been pleased to limit to the said Bishop, according to the duty of an archdeacon by the ecclesiastical laws of our realm of England. And we do further will, ordain and declare, that each of the said archdeacons shall within his archdeaconry be, and be taken to be, without further appointment, the commissary of the said Bishop and his successors, and shall exercise jurisdiction in all matters aforesaid, according to the duty and function of a commissary by the said ecclesiastical laws. We will and do by these presents declare and ordain, that in all grave matters of correction which are accustomed, accord

cording to the ecclesiastical laws of our realm of England, which are lawfully made and received in England, in the several causes and matters hereinafter in these presents expressed and specified, and no other. And for a declaration of our royal will concerning the special causes and matters in which we will that the aforesaid jurisdiction shall be exercised, we have further given and granted, and do by these presents give and grant to the aforesaid Bishop and his successors, full power and authority by himself or themselves, or by his or their commissary or commissaries, by him or them to be thereunto specially authorized, to grant licences to officiate to all ministers and chaplains of all the churches or chapels, or other places within the said diocese, whereiu divine service shall be celebrated according to the rites and liturgy of the Church of England, and to visit all such ministers and chaplains, and all priests and deacons in holy orders, of the united Church of England and Ireland, resident in their said diocese, with all and all manner of jurisdiction, power and coercion, ecclesiastical, that may be requisite in the premises; as also to call before him or them, or before his or their commissary or commissaries, at such competent days, hours and places whatsoever, when and as often as to him or them shall seem meet and convenient, the aforesaid ministers, chaplains, priests, or deacons in holy orders of the united Church of England and Ireland, or any of them, and to enquire by witnesses to be sworn in due form of law, and by all other lawful ways and means, by which the same may be best and most effectually done, as well as concerning their morals as their behaviour in their said offices and stations respectively. And we do hereby authorize and empower the said Bishop and his successors, and his and their com missary and commissaries, to administering to the practice of the ecclesiastical all such oaths as are accustomed and may laws of our realm of England, to be juby law be administered, according to the dicially examined, the same shall in like ecclesiastical laws of our realm of Eng- manner be judicially examined and proland, and to punish and correct the afore- ceeded in before the said Bishop and his suc. said chaplains, minsters, priests and deacons cessors, or his or their commissary or comin holy orders of the united Church of missaries aforesaid, in their respective archEngland and Ireland, according to their deaconries in which the party to be prodemerits, whether by deprivation, suspen-ceeded against shall reside; and all such sion, or other such ecclesiastical censure or correction as they would be liable to, according to the ecclesiastical laws aforesaid. Aud for the further accomplishment of our intention, and for aiding the said Bishop of Calcutta, according to the laws and customs of the united Church of England and Ireland, in the due and canonical superintendance of ecclesiastical

causes shall be proceeded in to final sentence in due form of law.

Prospects of Trade up the Country. Extract of a letter from Futty Ghur (Upper Province, Hindostan), June, 1814: I give you the earliest notice of what I think, a commercial opening, which may be beneficial. Our possession of Kamaoun,

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We take this opportunity of reporting in favour of our own language, that it is now making progress among a people hitherto deemed almost inaccessible; E. gr.

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN JAPAN.

which we shall retain, and which cannot | the lawyers, when pleadings, statutes, and be wrested from us, gives us a free and briefs, were in Norman French. commodious route (through the vast ridge of the Hemaleh mountains) into Tartary. All the inhabitants in the vicinity of the Pass are delighted at getting us close to them, the Goorkas having been very bad neighbours indeed. They have explained the trade which they carry on. From their statement it appears clear, that there will be an immense market for fine cloth of lively colours, coarse woollens and hardware. They have a good deal of money current among them, and they have valuable articles (musk, borax, gums, &c.) for barter. In short, we believe that an extensive trade might be carried on with much profit in this new channel."

SERINGAPATAM: UNHEALTHY.

The Commander in Chief of Madras has set out for Seringapatam, for the purpose of examining that place, and of ascertaining whether it would be practicable to do away the same as a military station, on account of the extreme unhealthiness of its climate. His Majesty's 34th regiment, when it went there about a year since, was 1000 strong, but last month it could not muster 300 men on parade. The native troops are equally affected.

CEYLON.

The naval depot of stores having been removed from Madras to Trincomalee, and Commissioner Puget having arrived there, that place had become the permanent port of naval redezvous.

JAVA.

Further Extracts from a Discourse delivered by the Governor, to the Literary and Scientific Society of Java, Sept. 10, 1816.

The following particulars are among the most curious which have reached this country. The existence of two languages, in which conversation is held at the same time, by persons of different ranks, would scarcely be tolerated as a stage trick on the European Theatre. It seems to annul the very purpose of language, which is communication. That different languages, or rather perhaps dialects, were in use among different ranks, speaking among themselves, was well known, and in fact, this is the great dis tinction of the Mandarins in China. Even in Europe, the learned have a language of their own, as the Latin for the faculty, &c. So it was for the church, and still is in Romish Countries; and so it was among

The fact, that the English language is studied by order of the Emperor, and English books eagerly asked for in Japan, strongly marks the age in which we live, and the progress of human intercourse. "It is an extraordinary fact, that notwithstanding the determination of the empire of Japan not to enter into foreign commerce, the English language, for seven years past, since the visit of Captain Pellew, has, in cultivated with considerable success, by obedience to an edict of the Einperor, been the younger members of the College of Interpreters, who, indeed, on occasion of Dr. Ainslie's mission, were anxious in their inquiries after English books." Mr. Raffles and Japan might easily be opened; and we says, a commerce between this country find it rumoured, that the court of Directors of the East India Company is far from differing greatly in opinion with this gentleman upon the subject.

It happily appears that the obstacles which presented themselves against the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the Eastern Islands are gradually giving way, through the indefatigable exertion of Governor Raffles.

GEOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF JAVA.

The geological constitution of Java appears to be exclusively volcanic, without any admixture whatever of the primitive or secondary mountains of the Asiatic contineat, while Sumatra, with Banca, apof the immense chain of mountains which pear to be a continuation and termination pervades great part of Asia, and runs off finally in a direction north-west to southeast. Java deviates from the direction of Sumatra and the peninsula of Malacca, in striking off directly west and east. In this direction it is followed by the larger of the adjacent islands of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Eudi, and Timor; and by many smaller, which contribute to constitute an extensive series. This direction, as well as the constitution of all the islands enumerated, indicates the existence of an extensive volcanic chasm in this part of the globe, running, for many degrees, almost parallel with the equator. The conseare, that while Sumatra abounds in mequences of Java being exclusively volcanic

tals, Java, generally speaking, is destitute of them; that, while in Sumatra there are many extensive tracts, sterile, and unfavourable to vegetation, Java, with few exceptions, is covered with a soil in the high est degree fertile, luxuriant and productive of every species of vegetation.

LANGUAGES OF JAVA.

The Javanese language, properly so called, is distinguished by a division between what may be considered as the vernacular language of the country, used by the common people among themselves, and which is adopted when addressing an inferior, and what may be considered as a second or court language, adopted by all inferiors when addressing a superior. The same construction, as well as the idiom of the language, is, I believe, pretty geuerally preserved in both the languages; the latter, however, consists of a more extensive class of foreign words which would appear to have been picked and culled for the purpose. Where different words have not been found from the common langauge of the country, an arbitrary variation in the sound of the word belonging to the common language is adopted, as in changing the word progo into pragi, dadi into dados, Jawa into Jawi, &c. and, the more effectually to render the polite language distinct, not only are the affirmatives and negatives, as well as the pronouns and prepositions varied, but the auxiliary verbs and particles are in general different.

It is not, however, to be supposed that these langauges are so separated that the one is studied and attained exclusively of the other; for, while one is the language of address, the other must be that of reply; and the knowledge of both is indispensible to those who have occasion to communicate with persons of a differeut rank from themselves. In the polite language, Kawi words are frequently introduced by the party, either to shew his reading, or evince a higher mark of respect. The Kawi, however, is, more properly à dead language, the language of literary compositions of the higher class; and is, to the Javanese, what the Sanscrit is to the languages of Hindostan, and the Pali to the Birman and Siamese: how far it may assimilate to either, must remain to be decided by more accurate comparison and observation, than we have yet had opportunity to make. It is in this language that the more ancient and celebrated of the literary performances of the country are written; and it is probable that it will be found, that while the general language of Java possesses, in common with all the more cultivated languages of the Archipelago, a considerable portion of Sanscrit terms, the court-language is still more replete with them; and that the Kawi, and particularly that which is reckoned most ancient, and which is decyphered from inscriptions on stone and copper-plates, is almost pure Sanscrit. The construction and idiom in these inscriptions is no longer comprehended by the Javanese, and there are but few whose intelligence and acquaintance with the terms

enables them to give even a faint notion of their meaning.

So effectually, indeed, does this arbitrary distinction prevail, that in the most common occurrences and expressions, the lan-used, guage that would be used by a superior bears not the slightest resemblance to what, with the same object, would be used by an inferior. Thus when a superior would say to an inferior, "You have been sick a very long time," he would in the common or vernacular language use the words, "Lawas teman goni loro:" while an inferior, using the court language would to the same purport, say " Lumi leras genipun sakit." If the former would ask the question" is your child a boy or a girl?" he would use the words, " Anak kiro wadon opo lanang," but the latter would express himself, "Putro hijang'un diko, estrí punopo?" Again, would the former observe "that the people of Java, both men and women, like to preserve the hair of the head" he would say Wongpulu Jawa lanang wadon podo nging'u rambut;" while the latter would use the words, "Tetang keng nusa Jawi estri jalar sami ng ing a Temo, &c."

66

WRITTEN LANGUAGE, AND POETRY. In both the Sunda and Javanese languages the same written character is in use; and it has not yet been traced whether the former ever had a separate written character or not; at a place, however, called Batu Tulis, on the site of the ancient capital of Pajajaran, is preserved an inscription on stone in very rude characters; and several similar inscriptions in the same character have been recently discocovered at Kwali in Cheribon, where some of the descendants of the princes of Pajajaran took refuge. This character, till lately appeared widely different from any other yet noticed in Java, but is now found to contain some of the letters and vowel marks in common with the JavaDese. The date inscribed on the stone at Batu Tulis has fortunately been decyphered, and the character was doubtlessly used by the Sunda people at the period of

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