If I might be permitted a reflection here, by the flame, in order to possess more good I would ask, are not those who are blind qualities than the proposed lamp of his from their birth, beings far more interest- lordship. The reason why the common ing than the Deaf and Dumb? The latter lamps burn so dim, and so frequently exdo not possess the principal organ of pire, is the want of atmospheric air, suppity. It is not the same with the blind man.plied from below, to repair the waste of He is besides, defenceless:—what is the defence of the weak blind person, against an enraged deaf person?

Music has charms to soothe the savage breast,

To soften rocks and bend the knotted oak; says Congreve: but unfortunately, in every acceptation of the word, Music will be always powerless on the heart of the Deaf and Dumb.

Paris, 6 July, 1816.

COMPARATIVE SAFETY OF THE CITIES
OF LONDON AND PARIS, BY MEANS OF
THE NIGHTLY WATCH.

The great number of our countrymen now abroad will, no doubt, make various observations aud comparisons, of a like nature with those made memoranda in this letter: the communication of them to the Public, would be a noble means of proving that their travels answered better purposes than those of amusement, only.

the flame. If this practice be adopted, the light will be considerably more brilliant, and supersede the supposed necessity of by the horse patrole for a few miles out of Gas Lights, especially in the roads watched the metropolis.

call the attention of the public, the Watch. There is another point to which I would In London the lives and properties of a million of his majesty's subjects, are entrusted to the care and superintendance of COUNT DU ROURE. a certain quantity of poor old men, who are unable to get their bread in any other way; who, dragging on a life of starvation have no other means of mending their fortunes than of conniving at the attempts of housebreakers and pickpockets. It is a common proverb, and no less true than honesty; how ridiculous then to hope to common, that poverty is a great enemy to find an exception in the watchmen of the and safety of the capital is confided to the Metropolis!! In Paris the public peace national guard; from which the labouring classes, and all who receive wages are exsoldier of the national guard has a stake, an cluded. This is a wise regulation-every interest in the preservation of the peace; and consequently burglaries and street robberies are very rare in Paris. I would don guard, trained to arms, to patrole the therefore propose, the enrolment of a Lonstreets nightly, and see that the watchmen do their duty, armed like the French with a musket, bayonet, and sabre; their very thieves-who would not then attempt burgname would strike terror into the hordes of laries, because they would see it next to doubt of the excellence and utility of the impossible to succeed. There can be no plan, and I hope that excellent minister and amiable man Lord Viscount Sidmouth will favor a measure so highly important to the metropolis of London.

To the Editor of the Literary Panorama.

SIR,

If instead of importing all the ridiculous fashions and customs of the French, we would imitate what they possess of excellent and praiseworthy, the intercourse between the two nations might be of great mutual benefit. The French have studied Natural Philosophy, in order to adapt it to the common purposes of life; we, on the contrary, cultivate it principally, on account of the curious experiments it affords, making it thereby the science of a mountebank conjuror, rather than a rational pursuit, for the benefit of our fellow creatures.

Lord Cochrane has amused the Town with an account of his "newly invented" -Street Lamps, with a double current of Air. The invention, like his Lordship's Patriotism, is far from being genuine. invention, if such it can be called, has The been publicly exhibited in the Street Lamps of Paris for many years; and notwithstanding his Lordship's boasted superiority, it will be found, that the common street lamp requires nothing more than to have a few holes drilled in the bottom, to admit fresh air, as the other is consumed

I am,
Sir, your obedient Servant J. B.

+4† Our Correpondent has not reflected, exertions of the housekeepers and masters that this plan would require the personal of families, in the city of London :-including those who, one half of the year, resort every night out of the town; those whose vice; and those who think that money can habits of life disqualify them for active ser hire honest deputies; though they grudge those deputies a living from their services.

mph. We
sixty-eight
Faccinators
y, as returns
ver, we have
titioners whom
mph have vacci
of the year.
ction of informing
have furnished the
this blessing in the
and that the director
exed letter from the

2007 2007 on that subject.
secara grabiying to us to state, that
B of Mr. Giraud of Faver-

been devised of preserving
Auid state; by which we

so to hope that it may be the small-pox: I have accepted this wit Bacca in any climate, and for any Your ship has probably been infor that in consequence of the de- lavtians.

is become a very rare disease in those much honour to humanity, not to induce arties; and that, by like means, it is no

er known in Ceylon and at the Cape arrival of Mr. Prince Sanders, I Good Hope. It is a source of sincere nation in use with a view to make it generegret to us, that it should not be equally so rally followed by the Haytiau practitioners.

this kingdom; and still more so, as this isot attributable to the casual occurrences of that disease; but, we believe, entirely to the practice of inoculation, which seems to be adhered to on interested or mistakental discovery, which I had not hitherto

OF VOLCANOES.
the Labours of the Royal
, for 1815. By M. Cuvier.

The rivers of lava are the less abundant if a great quantity of scoriæ and small stones are thrown out during the eruption. The whole cone is covered with those small stones, which are soon changed by the acid vapours, and assume those lively and variegated colours which make them look like bunches of flowers at a distance, and which have inclined naturalists to sup

M. Mesnard de la Groye thence takes occasion to divide volcanoes into two classes; those in which sulphur performs muriatic acid prevails. It is among the an essential part, and those in which the latter that he classes Vesuvius.

nost perplexing, as well as phenomena of the globe, are fic fires, which, with respect surface of the earth, are sub-pose that the crater is filled with sulphur; neous; but with respect to the whole which is so far from being true, that it is even very rare that sulphurous vapours are ss of the globe are superficial. The perceived in it: on the contrary, there rise principle on which they maintain their strong and continual exhalations of muricombustion-the great numbers of thematic acid, and sea salt is every where conwhich have left traces of their existence, creted throughout. although apparently extinguished, at present-the number of them yet in activity, with the supposeable consequence, if ALL were extinguished, are matters of great curiosity and concern to the Geologist. Nature neither had, originally, nor has now, any operative agency, in vain. Does their number increase or diminish? Is their power greater or lesser? Are their eruptions more or less frequent? The more we know of the globe, the more extensive is our list of volcanoes. Hitherto, they have defied our researches, and eluded the arrangement of our systems: will it be always thus ?

He also notices the continual smoke which rises from the rivers of lava, and which announces great humidity. This smoke is in fact purely aqueous. No flames are seen; but sands and burnt stones; and the reverberation of the internal furnaces on The lava flows very slowly: its edges when the vapours which issue, causes this illusion. cooled form an embankment for it, and keep it above the level of the soil, which is covered with scoriæ; it is very difficult to get a sight of its fluid parts. We know besides, that its heat has nothing in it si

The following paper comprises remarks on this subject, distinguished by their in-milar to that of glass in fusion; for when genuity and interest :—

The mysterious nature of Volcanoes, those immense foci of heat, far removed from all the conditions which keep up heat at the surface of the earth, will be still a long time one of the great objects of the curiosity of natural philosophers, and will excite their efforts so long as any hopes of success remain. A young mineralogist as zealous as he is learned, M. Mesnard de la Groye, having had occasion in 1812 and 1813 to observe several of the phænomena of Vesuvius, drew up a journal of them | with great accuracy, intermixed with many original suppositions and ideas.

Since the enormous diminution which the cone of the volcano underwent in 1791, when it sunk more than 400 feet, all the eruptions have taken place from its summit; which seems to have prevented them from being so abundant and so destructive as those which issued from its sides. The bottom of the crater rose, and it is not unlike ly that it will be filled.

it envelops trunks of trees, it does not char them to the centre. M. de la Groye is also of opinion that the lava owes its fluidity to some principle which is consumed by the very act of fusion, and to this circumstance is owing the difficulty of fusing again that which has once cooled. The full mass, the part not swelled up into scoriæ, has a stoney aspect: this is what the Germans call graustein. The author compares the periods of the fusion of the lavas with those through which the salts pass, which fuse after being swelled up. He relates some curious facts with respect to the prodigiously long duration of their heat, and thence concludes that they bear within themselves the principle of their own heat, and that they do not possess a heat simply communicated. To all these remarks M. de la Groye adds a very dedetailed account of the grand eruption of 1810, which produced an infinity of ashes and small stones, but the lava of which did not reach the length of the cultivated grounds.

To the Right Honourable Lord Viscount Sid

We beg to conclude by stating, that it appears to us, this waste of human life can be prevented only by such legislative enactments as will entirely put a stop to inoculation for the small-pox.

The Board is happy in stating, that it mouth, Principal Secretary of State for the Home has no occasion to ask Parliament this Department. &c. &c. &c.

year for any sum of money beyond that

National Vaccine Establishment, Leicester-usually granted.
Square, May 31, 1816.

MY LORD,

Within the last year the surgeons of our different stations in London have vaccinated 6,581 persons, and have distributed to the public 32,821 charges of vaccinelymph. We cannot state precisely what the sixty-eight honorary and corresponding vaccinators may have effected in the country, as returns are not always sent: however, we have ascertained that those practitioners whom we have supplied with lymph have vaccinated 42,667 in the course of the year.

We have the satisfaction of informing your lordship, that we have furnished the means of disseminating this blessing in the island of St. Domingo; and that the director has received the annexed letter from the government of Hayti on that subject.

It is equally gratifying to us to state, that by the ingenuity of Mr. Giraud of Faversham, means have been devised of preserving the lymph in a fluid state; by which we have just reason to hope that it may be found efficient in any climate, and for any space of time.

(Signed) J. LATHAM.

(President of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians) President.
Henry Cline, Master of the Royal College
of Surgeons.

Henry Halford, M. D.
William Lambe, M. D.
Joseph Agar, M. D.
J. Coxe, M. D.
William Norris,
James Earle,

Censors of the Roval College of Physicians.

Governors of the Royal S College of Surgeons.

By order of the Board,

James Hervey, M. D. Registrar.

...

Palace of Sans Souci, Feb. 5, 1816, 13th Year of our Independence.

The King of Hayti to Mr. James "Toore, Director of the British National Vaccine Establishment, &c. &c.

SIR, Mr. Prince Sanders has presented me with the work which you sent me on the small-pox: I have accepted this work with pleasure, and thank you infinitely for your honourable and obliging attention, nd the interest which you evince for the Havtians.

Your lordship has probably been informed, that in consequence of the decisive measures adopted in in Russia, SweThe precious discovery of Vaccination is deu, Germany, France and Italy, the smali too important to human life, and does too Fox has become a very rare disease in those much honour to humanity, not to induce countries; and that, by like means, it is no me to adopt it in my kingdom. On the longer known in Ceylon and at the Cape arrival of Mr. Prince Sanders, I put Vacciof Good Hope. It is a source of sincere nation in use with a view to make it generegret to us, that it should not be equally sorally followed by the Haytiau practitioners; in this kingdom; and still more so, as this is not attributable to the casual occurrences of that disease; but, we believe, entirely to the practice of inoculation, which seems to be adhered to on interested or mistaken motives.

-we have an innumerable quantity of children to vaccinate.

It is my intention to give every possible latitude to the happy results of this immortai discovery, which I had not hitherto been able to put in practice in consequence of the disappointment which I met with in the applications I made at Jamaica, St. Thomas, and in the United States of America, relative to this object, the salutary effects of which I am well acquainted with. This benefit will still add to the gratitude of the Haytians for the great and magna, nimous British nation.

I have charged Mr. Prince Sanders to testify to you personally my sincere thanks. (Signed) HENRI.

The rivers of lava are the less abundant ON THE NATURE OF VOLCANOES. if a great quantity of scoria and small stones are thrown out during the eruption. From the Analysis of the Labours of the Royal The whole cone is covered with those Institute of France, for 1815. By M. Cuvier. small stones, which are soon changed by Among the most perplexing, as well as the acid vapours, and assume those lively and variegated colours which make them remarkable phenomena of the globe, are look like bunches of flowers at a distance, those terrific fires, which, with respect and which have inclined naturalists to supto the surface of the earth, are sub- pose that the crater is filled with sulphur; terraneous; but with respect to the whole which is so far from being true, that it is even very rare that sulphurous vapours are mass of the globe are superficial. The perceived in it: on the contrary, there rise principle on which they maintain their strong and continual exhalations of muricombustion-the great numbers of thematic acid, and sea salt is every where concreted throughout.