treasure was deemed evidence of the fact, and Palamedes was stoned to death for the crime of treason. To him some have attributed the invention of weights and measures, the art of drawing up a battalion; the regulation of the year by the course of the sun, and of the month by that of the moon; likewise the games of dice, and even chess, have been ascribed to him. He has been mentioned as a poet, and Suidas says his poems were suppressed by Agamemnon, or by Homer. Palamedes is also famed for his skill in physic.

ULYSSES, king of Ithaca, the son of Laertes, and father of Telemachus, was one of those heroes who contributed much to the taking of Troy. After the destruction of that city, he wandered for ten years, and at last returned to Ithaca, where, with the assistance of Telemachus, he killed Antinous and other princes who intended to marry his wife Penelope, and seize his dominions. He at length resigned the kingdom to his son Telemachus; and was killed by Telegonus, his son by Circe, who did not know him. This hero is the subject of the Odyssey.

PENELOPE, the daughter of Icarus, who married Ulysses, by whom she had Telemachus. During the absence of Ulysses, who was gone to the siege of Troy, and who staid twenty years from his dominions, several princes, charmed with Penelope's beauty, told her that Ulysses was dead, offered to marry her, and pressed her to declare in their favour. She promised compliance on condition they would give her time to finish a piece of tapestry she was weaving; but at the same time she undid in the night what she had done in the day, and thus eluded their importunity until the return of Ulysses.

ALCINOUS, a king of the Phoenicians in the island now called Corfu, who received Ulysses with great hospitality, when a storm had cast him on his coast. His gardens have immortalized his memory.

TELEMACHUS, the son of Ulysses and Penelope, was in the cradle when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war. When a child he fell into the sea, but was brought ashore by a dolphin. At the end of that war, Telemachus went to seek his father; and as the place of his residence, and the cause of his long absence, were unknown, he visited the courts of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of Penelope had conspired to murder him, but he avoided their snares. He at length discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before him, and was then in the house of Eumæus. With this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with great success. After his father's death, he went to the island of Eæa, where he married Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus.

He some time after had the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. From the stories, collected from Homer and the other poets, the celebrated Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray, composed his well known Adventures of Telemachus; which, though not in verse, is justly esteemed a poem.

SINON, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself more by his frauds and villanies, than by his merits. By such means, however, the Greeks became victors, after their ten years siege of Troy. The Greeks having completed their famous wooden horse, as a sacred present to the gods of Troy, Sinon fled to the Trojans, with his hands bound behind his back, pretending to have just escaped from being sacrificed by them; assuring Priam, that they had just sailed for Asia, and advised him to admit their farewell present of the wooden horse. Priam, giving him full credit, admitted the horse, and at night Sinon completed his perfidy, by opening that machine and letting out the armed Greeks, who admitted their fellow soldiers, and massacred the people, and burnt the city. Famous as the Trojan war has been, chiefly through the merit of Homer's poem on it, the capture and destruction of that unfortunate city, by such complicated treachery and hypocrisy, redound nothing to the honour of the Grecian heroes.

THERSITES, an officer among the Greeks during the Trojan war, infamous for his scurrility, and remarkable for his deformity. He ridiculed the chief generals, particularly Agamemnon, Ulysses, and Achilles; but the latter killed him with a stroke, for ridiculing his grief for Penthesilea.

PROTESILAUS, a king of part of Thessaly, the son of Iphiclus, grandson of Phylacus, and brother of Alcimede. He was the first Greek who landed on the coast of Troy, and the first slain by the Trojans. His wife Laodamia, to assuage her grief, solicited the gods for a sight of his shade; which, it is said, obtaining, she expired in his embraces. Protesilaus was also called Phylacides, from Phylace, a town of Thessaly, or rather from his grandfather Phylacus.

MEZENTIUS, a king of the Tyrrhenians, infamous for his cruelties. Among other barbarities he tied the living and dead together. Being expelled by his subjects he fled to Turnus, and fought under him against Æneas, by whom he was slain, with his son Lausus.

STHENELUS, son of Capianus and Evadne, an officer of note in the siege of Troy, and one of those who went into the wooden horse, in order to surprise the city.

TALTHYBIUS, a celebrated herald in the Grecian camp, during the Trojan war, the friend and minister of Agamemnon who sent him to bring away Briseis from Achilles.

POLYXO, a native of Argos, who married Tleopolemus. She followed him to Rhodes after the murder of his uncle Licymnius; and when he departed for the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek princes she became the sole mistress of the kingdom. After the death of Menelaus, Helen fled from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo detained her; and to punish her, as being the cause of a war in which Tleopolemus had perished, she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her female servants, disguised in the habit of furies.

PROTEUS, king of Egypt. He was of Memphis, where, in the time of Herodotus, his temple was still standing, in which was a chapel dedicated to Venus the stranger. It is conjectured that this Venus was Helen. For, in the reign of this monarch, Paris the Trojan,, returning home with Helen whom he had stolen, was drove by a storm into one of the mouths of the Nile, called the Canopie; and from thence was conducted to Proteus at Memphis, who reproached him in the strongest terms for his perfidy and guilt, in stealing the wife of his host, and with her all the effects found in his house. He added, that the only reason why he did not punish him with death, as his crime deserved, was, because the Egyptians did not care to imbrue their hands in the blood of strangers; that he would keep Helen with all the riches that were brought with her, in order to return them to their owner; that as for himself, Paris, he must either quit his dominions in three days, or expect to be treated as an enemy; the king's order was obeyed. Paris continued his voyage, and arrived at Troy, whither he was closely pursued by the Grecian army. The Greeks summoned the Trojans to surrender Helen, and, with her, all the treasures of which her husband had been plundered. The Trojans answered, that neither Helen, nor her treasures, were in their city. And indeed was it any way likely, says Herodotus, that Priam, who was so wise and aged a prince, should choose to see his children and country die before his eyes, rather than give the Greeks the just and reasonable satisfaction they desired. But it was to no purpose for them to affirm with an oath that Helen was not in their city; the Greeks, being firmly persuaded that they were trifled with, persisted obstinately in their unbelief. The Deity, continues the same historian, being resolved that the Trojans, by the total destruction of their city, should teach the affrighted world this lesson; THAT GREAT CRIMES ARE ATTENDED WITH AS GREAT AND SIGNAL PUNISHMENTS, FROM THE Offended gods. Menelaus, in his return from Troy, called at the court of king Proteus, who restored him Helen with all her treasure. Herodotus proves, from some passages in Homer, that the voyage of Paris to Egypt was not unknown to this poet.

PHILOSOPHY.

ACADEMUS, or ECADEMUS, an Athenian citizen, whose house being employed as a philosophical school in the time of Theseus, he had the honour of giving his name to a sect of philosophers, or rather three sects, called Academics. The old academy had Plato for its chief, the second Arcesilaus, and the last Carneades, Cicero called his country-house at Puzzolanum, Academus. No one was suffered to laugh in the academy at Athens, under the penalty of expulsion.

DEDALUS, the son of Eupalamus, descended from Erectheus, king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age; and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, with many other mechanical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues which moved of themselves, and seemed to have been endowed with life. Talus his sister's son promised to be as great as himself by the ingenuity of his inventions; and therefore from envy he threw him from a window and killed him. After this murder, Dædalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos gave him a cordial reception. Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in a labyrinth which he himself had constructed. Here it is reported he made himself wings, and flew away; and alighting at Cumæ, he built a temple to Apollo. He afterwards directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, being afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete with wings is explained by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings.

POETRY AND MUSIC.

OLENUS, or OLEN, a Greek poet, born at Xanthe, a city of Lycia. He composed several hymns, which were sung in the island of Delos upon festival days. Some persons have supposed Olenus to have been one of the founders of the oracle at Delphi; to have been the first who filled at that place the office of priest of Apollo; and to have given responses in

verse.

LINUS, an ancient poet and musician of Greece. No testimony does more honour to the memory of Linus than that of Herodotus, who has the following passage: "Among other memorable customs, the Egyptians sing the song of Linus, like

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that which is sung by the Phoenicians, Cyprians, and other nations, who vary the name according to the different languages they speak. But the person they honour in this song, is evidently the same that the Grecians celebrate; and as I confess my surprize at many things I found among the Egyptians, so I more particularly wonder whence they had the knowledge of Linus, because they seem to have celebrated him from time immemorial. The Egyptians call him by the name of Maneros, and say he was the only son of the first of their kings, but dying an untimely death, in the flower of his age, he is lamented by the Egyptians in the morning song, which is the only composition of the kind used in Egypt."

Diodorus Siculus, who is very diffuse in his account of Linus, lib. iii. cap. 85, tells us from Dionysius of Mytilene, the historian, who was contemporary with Cicero, that Linus was the first among the Greeks who invented verse and music, as Cadmus first taught them the use of letters. The same writer likewise attributes to him an account of the exploits of the first Bacchus, and a treatise upon Greek mythology, written in Pelasgian characters, which were also those used by Orpheus, and by Pronapides, the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus gives to him the invention of rhythm and melody, which Suidas, who regards him as the most ancient of lyric poets, confirms. He is said by many ancient writers to have had several disciples of great renown, among whom were Heracles, Thamyris, and, according to some, Orpheus.

Heracles, says Diodorus, in teaching Linus to play upon the lyre, being extremely dull and obstinate, provoked his master to strike him, which so enraged the young hero, that he instantly seized the lyre of the musician, and beat out his brains with his own instrument. Heroes are generally impatient of controul, and not often gifted with a taste for refined pleasures; hence, relying merely on corporeal force, their mental faculties, feeble perhaps by nature, are seldom fortified by education.

With respect to the dirges, which Plutarch, from Heraclides of Pontus, mentions as written by Linus, we find no account of them in any other ancient author. It appears, however, that his death has given birth to many songs of that kind, which have been composed in honour of his memory. A festival was likewise instituted by the name of the Linia, for the celebration of his virtues: "The Thebans, says Pausanias, in Boeotia, assure us, that Linus was buried in that city; and that Philip, the son of Amyntas, after the battle of Cheronæa, which was fatal to the Greeks, excited by a dream, removed his bones into Macedon, whence, by council received in another dream, he sent them back to Thebes; but time has so defaced his tomb, that it is no longer discovered." Homer, lib. xiii. ver. 569, has paid a tribute