Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative StudyCambridge University Press, 5 maj 2003 This book offers the first detailed comparative study of the seven best-documented early civilizations: ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Shang China, the Aztecs and adjacent peoples in the Valley of Mexico, the Classic Maya, the Inka, and the Yoruba. Unlike previous studies, equal attention is paid to similarities and differences in their sociopolitical organization, economic systems, religion, and culture. Many of this study's findings are surprising and provocative. Agricultural systems, technologies, and economic behaviour turn out to have been far more diverse than was expected. These findings and many others challenge not only current understandings of early civilizations but also the theoretical foundations of modern archaeology and anthropology. The key to understanding early civilizations lies not in their historical connections but in what they can tell us about similarities and differences in human behaviour. |
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Sida 3
... behaviour common to all human groups or shaped by similar environmental or functional constraints and therefore constitute examples of parallel development or coevolution. Cross-cultural variation reflects Rationalism and Relativism.
... behaviour common to all human groups or shaped by similar environmental or functional constraints and therefore constitute examples of parallel development or coevolution. Cross-cultural variation reflects Rationalism and Relativism.
Sida 6
... groups have foundered.) The assumption is that, because of their biological similarities, human beings living under analogous conditions will respond in much the same way to similar problems. Bronislaw Malinowski (1939), for example ...
... groups have foundered.) The assumption is that, because of their biological similarities, human beings living under analogous conditions will respond in much the same way to similar problems. Bronislaw Malinowski (1939), for example ...
Sida 7
... groups, and nations. More generally, romanticism celebrated the cultural diversity that characterizes human societies. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it became identified with the conservative reaction against ...
... groups, and nations. More generally, romanticism celebrated the cultural diversity that characterizes human societies. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it became identified with the conservative reaction against ...
Sida 45
... groups, based on common cultural, ethnic, religious, regional, or occupational affinities, that unite to pursue ... group to pursue their economic interests in opposition to the ruling stratum. Crone argues that, because of this ...
... groups, based on common cultural, ethnic, religious, regional, or occupational affinities, that unite to pursue ... group to pursue their economic interests in opposition to the ruling stratum. Crone argues that, because of this ...
Sida 47
... group, tribe, or rulers kindred to which other groups willingly or unwillingly paid tribute. This tribute supported a higher standard of living for the core group, which was entirely or partly freed from agricultural labour, giving its ...
... group, tribe, or rulers kindred to which other groups willingly or unwillingly paid tribute. This tribute supported a higher standard of living for the core group, which was entirely or partly freed from agricultural labour, giving its ...
Innehåll
3 | |
15 | |
40 | |
53 | |
66 | |
Kingship | 71 |
City and Territorial | 92 |
Urbanism | 120 |
Appropriation of Wealth | 375 |
Economic Constants and Variables | 395 |
Cognitive and Symbolic Aspects | 407 |
Conceptions of the Supernatural | 409 |
Cosmology and Cosmogony | 444 |
Cult | 472 |
Priests Festivals and the Politics of the Supernatural | 495 |
The Individual and the Universe | 522 |
Class Systems and Social Mobility | 142 |
Family Organization and Gender Roles | 167 |
Administration | 195 |
Law | 221 |
Military Organization | 240 |
Sociopolitical Constants and Variables | 264 |
Economy | 277 |
Food Production | 279 |
Land Ownership | 315 |
Trade and Craft Specialization | 338 |
Elite Art and Architecture | 541 |
Literacy and Specialized Knowledge | 584 |
Values and Personal Aspirations | 626 |
Cultural Constants and Variables | 638 |
Discussion | 651 |
Culture and Reason | 653 |
Conclusion | 684 |
References | 689 |
Index | 733 |
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Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger Begränsad förhandsgranskning - 2003 |
Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger Ingen förhandsgranskning - 2007 |
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agricultural ancestors ancient Egypt animals appear associated ayllu Aztec Bascom believed Benin calpolli central China Chinese city-state systems city-states Classic Maya commoners complex corvee corvee labour cosmic order craft workers crops cross-cultural cult cultural Cuzco dead deities divine early civilizations Early Dynastic earth ecological economic Egypt Egyptian elaborate elite extended families farmers full-time gods groups hereditary highland human behaviour important individuals Inka kilometres king kingship land large numbers leaders lineages living logograms major male Mesoamerica Mesopotamia Middle Kingdom military natural nobility nobles officials Old Kingdom Olorun Ometeotl organization palace period pochteca political population density Postgate priests produced realm region relations religious rituals role royal sacrifices Shang slaves social societies soldiers specific square kilometres status stone supernatural power symbolic taxes temples Tenochtitlan territorial Texcoco tions trade underworld upper classes urban centres Valley of Mexico wealth women Yoruba Zhou