Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative StudyCambridge University Press, 5 maj 2003 This book offers the first detailed comparative study of the seven best-documented early civilizations: ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Shang China, the Aztecs and adjacent peoples in the Valley of Mexico, the Classic Maya, the Inka, and the Yoruba. Unlike previous studies, equal attention is paid to similarities and differences in their sociopolitical organization, economic systems, religion, and culture. Many of this study's findings are surprising and provocative. Agricultural systems, technologies, and economic behaviour turn out to have been far more diverse than was expected. These findings and many others challenge not only current understandings of early civilizations but also the theoretical foundations of modern archaeology and anthropology. The key to understanding early civilizations lies not in their historical connections but in what they can tell us about similarities and differences in human behaviour. |
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Sida 6
... Individual interests are complex and cannot be reduced to rational calculations relating only to personal benefits or the ecological adaptation of groups. Individuals rank the objectives they wish to pursue differently, and 6 Introduction.
... Individual interests are complex and cannot be reduced to rational calculations relating only to personal benefits or the ecological adaptation of groups. Individuals rank the objectives they wish to pursue differently, and 6 Introduction.
Sida 7
A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger. Individuals rank the objectives they wish to pursue differently, and their ... individual decisions may play a significant role in the formulation of social strategies. Individual goal-driven ...
A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger. Individuals rank the objectives they wish to pursue differently, and their ... individual decisions may play a significant role in the formulation of social strategies. Individual goal-driven ...
Sida 9
... individuals or goal-directed individual action upon society or the natural environment that alters social relations. For such purposive action to occur, material interests that are external Rationalism and Relativism 9.
... individuals or goal-directed individual action upon society or the natural environment that alters social relations. For such purposive action to occur, material interests that are external Rationalism and Relativism 9.
Sida 13
... individual responses to situations, while cultural patterns invite passive acceptance or active elaboration of established trajectories. It is evident that to some extent individuals and groups are able to reinterpret and alter cultural ...
... individual responses to situations, while cultural patterns invite passive acceptance or active elaboration of established trajectories. It is evident that to some extent individuals and groups are able to reinterpret and alter cultural ...
Sida 21
... individual traits wrenched from their sociopolitical context (M. Harris 1968: 616-33; Kobben 1952; 1973). They argued that, because all aspects of social relations are parts of socially integrated wholes and individual cultural traits ...
... individual traits wrenched from their sociopolitical context (M. Harris 1968: 616-33; Kobben 1952; 1973). They argued that, because all aspects of social relations are parts of socially integrated wholes and individual cultural traits ...
Innehåll
3 | |
15 | |
40 | |
53 | |
66 | |
Kingship | 71 |
City and Territorial | 92 |
Urbanism | 120 |
Appropriation of Wealth | 375 |
Economic Constants and Variables | 395 |
Cognitive and Symbolic Aspects | 407 |
Conceptions of the Supernatural | 409 |
Cosmology and Cosmogony | 444 |
Cult | 472 |
Priests Festivals and the Politics of the Supernatural | 495 |
The Individual and the Universe | 522 |
Class Systems and Social Mobility | 142 |
Family Organization and Gender Roles | 167 |
Administration | 195 |
Law | 221 |
Military Organization | 240 |
Sociopolitical Constants and Variables | 264 |
Economy | 277 |
Food Production | 279 |
Land Ownership | 315 |
Trade and Craft Specialization | 338 |
Elite Art and Architecture | 541 |
Literacy and Specialized Knowledge | 584 |
Values and Personal Aspirations | 626 |
Cultural Constants and Variables | 638 |
Discussion | 651 |
Culture and Reason | 653 |
Conclusion | 684 |
References | 689 |
Index | 733 |
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Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger Begränsad förhandsgranskning - 2003 |
Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study Bruce G. Trigger Ingen förhandsgranskning - 2007 |
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agricultural ancestors ancient Egypt animals appear associated ayllu Aztec Bascom believed Benin calpolli central China Chinese city-state systems city-states Classic Maya commoners complex corvee corvee labour cosmic order craft workers crops cross-cultural cult cultural Cuzco dead deities divine early civilizations Early Dynastic earth ecological economic Egypt Egyptian elaborate elite extended families farmers full-time gods groups hereditary highland human behaviour important individuals Inka kilometres king kingship land large numbers leaders lineages living logograms major male Mesoamerica Mesopotamia Middle Kingdom military natural nobility nobles officials Old Kingdom Olorun Ometeotl organization palace period pochteca political population density Postgate priests produced realm region relations religious rituals role royal sacrifices Shang slaves social societies soldiers specific square kilometres status stone supernatural power symbolic taxes temples Tenochtitlan territorial Texcoco tions trade underworld upper classes urban centres Valley of Mexico wealth women Yoruba Zhou