A FAMILIAR EXPOSITION

OF

Geological Phenomena.

BY

IVERSITY OF MI

AUTHOR OF THE FOSSILS OF THE SOUTH DOWNS, GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS ROUND
THE ISLE OF WIGHT, ETC.

"Every rock in the desert, every boulder on the plain, every pebble
by the brook-side, every grain of sand on the sea-shore, is replete with
lessons of wisdom to the mind that is fitted to receive and comprehend
their sublime import."

IN TWO VOLUMES.-VOL. II.

SIXTH EDITION.

LONDON:

HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

LONDON:

R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOL. II.

PAGE

483-532

1. LECTURE V. PART I.-THE JURASSIC FORMATION: OOLITE AND

LIAS...
...

1. Zoology of the Chalk. 2. Zoology of the Wealden. 3. Site of the Coun-

try of the Iguanodon. 4. Lithological structure of the Country of the

Iguanodon. 5. Medial Secondary Formations. 6. General view of the

Oolite and Lias. 7. The Oolite or Roe-stone. 8. Geographical distri-

bution of the Oolite. 9. Railway Sections. 10. Subdivisions of the Oolite:

Portland Rock. 11. Kimmeridge Clay. 12. Oxford Oolite. 13. Oxford

Clay. 14. Kelloway Rock and Cornbrash. 15. The Cotteswold Hills.

16. The Stonesfield Slate. 17. Organic Remains of the Stonesfield Slate.

18. Fossil Mammalia of Stonesfield. 19. Comparison of the Stonesfield

and Wealden Fossils. 20. Lithographic Oolite of Germany. 21. Carbo-

niferous strata of the Oolite. 22. Collyweston Slates. 23. Carboniferous

Oolite of Brora. 24. Carboniferous Oolite of Eastern Virginia. 25. The

Lias. 26. Organic Remains of the Jurassic System. 27. Zoophytes and

Radiaria. 28. Mollusca. 29. Crustaceans and Insects. 30. Fishes.

31. Reptiles of the Jurassic System.

2. LECTURE V. PART II.-THE TRIAS AND PERMIAN FORMATIONS. 533-588

1. The Trias and Permian. 2. Geographical Distribution of the Trias and

Permian. 3. Rock-Salt and Brine Springs. 4. Origin of Rock-Salt and

Gypsum. 5. The Cheltenham Waters. 6. Conglomerates of the Trias.

7. Organic remains of the Trias. 8. Mollusca and Crinoidea. 9. Fishes

of the Trias. 10. Reptiles of the Trias. 11. The Labyrinthodon. 12.

The Rhynchosaurus. 13. The Dicynodon of Africa. 14. Foot-prints on

stone. 15. Ornithichnites. 16. The Permian System. 17. Magnesian

limestone or Zechstein. 18. Permian of Germany and Russia. 19. Or-

ganic Remains of the Permian System. 20. Invertebrata of the Permian.

21. Fishes of the Permian. 22. Reptiles of the Permian. 23. Reptiles.

24. Chelonians or Turtles. 25. Crocodiles. 26. Enalio-Saurians or

Marine Reptiles. 27. The Plesiosaurus. 28. Pterodactyles, or Flying

Reptiles. 29. Ophidians and Batrachians. 30. Review of the Age of

Reptiles. 31. Objections considered. 32. Concluding Remarks.

3. LECTURE VI.-ON CORALS AND CRINOIDEA..............................

589-659

1. Introductory. 2. Organic and Inorganic Bodies. 3. Distinction

between Animals and Vegetables. 4. Nervous System and Sensation.

5. Diversity of Animal Forms. 6. Animal nature of Zoophytes.

7. Cilia, or vibratile Organs. 8. Hydræ, or Fresh-water Polypes.

9. Elementary organic Structure. 10. Analogy not Identity. 11. The

Flustræ. 12. Food of Zoophytes. 13. Nature of Coral Zoophytes.

14. Corals, or Polyparia. 15. Geographical distribution of Corals.

16. Sertulariæ, or Vesicular Corallines. 17. The Gorgonia. 18. The

Red Coral. 19. Tubipora, or Organ-pipe Coral. 20. Madrepores.

21. The Actinia, or Sea-Anemone. 22. Caryophyllia and Turbinolia.

23. Fungia. 24. Astræa and Pavonia. 25. Meandrina, or Brain Coral.

26. Appearance of living Corals. 27. Coral Reefs. 28. Coral Reef of

Loo-Choo. 29. Coral Islands. 30. Formation of Coral Islands.

31. Montgomery on Coral Islands. 32. Fossil Zoophytes. 33. Ventri-

culites. 34. Zoophytes of the Oolite and Lias. 35. Corals of the Palæo-

zoic Formations. 36. Coralline Marbles. 37. The Crinoidea. 38. Struc-

ture of the Crinoidea. 39. Encrinites and Pentacrinites. 40. Derbyshire

Encrinital Marble. 41. The Lily Encrinite. 42. Pear Encrinite of

Bradford. 43. Pentacrinites and Actinocrinites. 44. Pentremites and

Cystidea. 45. Concluding Remarks.

4. LECTURE VII.-THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM

PAGE

660-748

I. Introductory. 2. The Carboniferous System. The Coal-measures.

4. Coal-field of Derbyshire. 5. Coalbrook Dale. 6. Nature of Coal

Deposits. 7. Mode of Deposition of the Coal-measures. 8. The Great

Dismal Swamp of Virginia. 9. Erect Trees in the Carboniferous De-

posits. 10. Upright Trees at Wolverhampton and St. Etienne. 11.

Coal-measures of Nova Scotia. 12. Coal-shales and Vegetable Remains.

13. Millstone Grit. 14. Carboniferous Limestone. 15. Derbyshire

Lead-mines. 16. Carboniferous System of Devonshire. 17. Trap Rocks

and Dikes of the Carboniferous System. 18. Faults in the Coal-

measures. 19. Geographical distribution of the Carboniferous Strata.

20. Carboniferous System of North America. 21. Organic Remains of

the Carboniferous System. 22. Organization of Vegetables. 23. Cli-

mate and Seasons indicated by Fossil Wood. 24. Microscopical Ex-

amination of Fossil Trees. 25. Nature of Coal. 26. Liebig on the

formation of Coal. 27. Bitumen, Petroleum, Naphtha. 28. The Dia-

mond. 29. Anthracite, Plumbago, &c. 30. Petrifaction of Vegetables.

31. Artificial Vegetable Petrifactions. 32. Silicification of Vegetables.

33. Fossil plants of the Coal. 34. Equisetaceous Plants. 35. Fossil

Ferns. 36. Sigillaria. 37. Stigmaria. 38. Lepidodendron. 36. Coni-

ferous Trees and Plants. 40. Flora of the Coal. 41. Atmospheric

Conditions during the Carboniferous Epoch. 42. Formation of Coal-

measures. 43. Coal-measures from submerged Lands. 44. Echino-

dermata of the Carboniferous System. 45. Shells of the Carboniferous

System. 46. Crustaceans and Insects. 47. Fishes of the Carboniferous

System. 48. Reptiles of the Carboniferous Epoch. 49. Climate of the

Palæozoic Ages. 50. Retrospect and Botanical Epochs.

5. LECTURE VIII. PARTI.-THE DEVONIAN, SILURIAN, AND CUMBRIAN

FORMATIONS...........

749-804

1. Introductory. 2. The Devonian System. 3. Subdivisions of the

Devonian System. 4. Devonian Strata of Devonshire and Cornwall.

5. Devonian Strata of Scotland. 6. Devonian System of the Continent

and America. 7. Organic Remains of the Devonian System. 8. Crus-

taceans of the Devonian. 9. Fishes of the Devonian. 10. The Silurian

System. 11. Subdivisions of the Silurian System. 12. Silurian System

of England. 13. Silurian Strata of Staffordshire. 14. The Clent Hills.

15. The Wrekin. 16. The Malvern Hills. 17. Silurian Strata of Europe

and America. 18. Fossils of the Silurian System. 19. Silurian Zoo-

phytes and Mollusca. 20. Silurian Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda.

21. Silurian Annelides and Crustaceans. 22. Visual Organs of the

Trilobites. 23. Fishes of the Silurian System. 24. The Cumbrian or

Schistose System. 25. Structure of Slate Rocks. 26. Slate Rocks of

Shropshire and Cumberland. 27. Review of the Silurian and Cumbrian

Systems.

6. LECTURE VIII. PART II.-THE VOLCANIC AND HYPOGENE OR PLU-

TONIC ROCKS.........

PAGE

805-902

1. Introductory. 2. Nature of Volcanic action. 3. Earthquakes. 4.

Earthquake of Lisbon. 5. Phlegræan Fields, and the Lipari Isles.

6. Ischia and Vesuvius. 7. Structure of Volcanic mountains. 8. Vol-

canic products. 9. Lava currents, Dikes, and Veins. 10. Eruptions

of Vesuvius. 11. Herculaneum and Pompeii. 12. Conservative effects

of Lava streams. 13. Organic remains in Lava. 14. Mount Etna.

15. Val del Bove. 16. Volcano of Kirauea. 17. Mr. Stewart's visit

to Kirauea. 18. Volcano of Jorullo. 19. Submarine Volcanoes. 20.

Summary of Volcanic phenomena. 21. Hypogene rocks. 22. Mica-schist

and Gneiss. 23. Contorted Crystalline rocks. 24. Basalt or Trap. 25.

Isle of Staffa. 26. Strata altered from contact with Basalt. 27. Trap

dikes in the Isle of Sky. 28. Granite. 29. Granitic eruptions. 30. Meta-

morphism of rocks. 31. Precious stones. 32. Metalliferous veins. 33.

Auriferous alluvia. 34. Cupreous deposits. 35. Transmutation of Metals.

36. Review of the Hypogene rocks. 37. Organic remains in metamor-

phic rocks. 38. Chronology of Mountain-chains. 39. Systems of eleva-

tion. 40. The Great Caledonian Valley. 41. Structure of Ben Nevis.

42. Retrospect. 43. Successive changes in the Organic Kingdoms. 44.

Geological effects of Dynamical and Chemical action. 45. Strata com-

posed of Organic Remains. 46. General Inferences. 47. The Ancient

World. 48. Corollary. 49. Final Effects. 50. Concluding remarks.

7. APPENDIX...

A.-Count Strzelecki on the Volcano of Kirauea; p. 903.

B.-On the Logan or Rocking-stones of Cornwall; p. 904.

C.-Rev. J. B. Reade on Fossil Infusoria; p. 905.

D. On the Parallel Terraces of Glen Roy; p. 906.

............

E.-Sir John Herschel on the Variability of the Solar influence; p. 908.

F. Mr. Darwin on the Galapagos Islands; p. 908.

8. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V....

903-910

912

12. TABLE OF REFERENCES IN THE MEDALS OF CREATION, Corrected for the

present Edition of the WONDERS OF GEOLOGY........

925

13. GENERAL INDEX..................

927