an argument for the perfect divinity of Mary. Judge ye, whether Rome observes the first commandment, which says Thou shalt have no other Gods but me, or that other Thou shalt serve the Lord" thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy strength, and with all thy soul.' Judge ye, then, whether Rome be idolatrous or not-whether she hath not blasphemed the awful majesty of the Godhead-whether she have not robbed Christ of the love and trust of his people.

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Such, then, is the mystery of iniquity. Such the other Gospel, for which men have been found to abandon the Gospel of Christ. Such the creed for which some of our brethren have conspired to unprotestantize the Church of England." (pp. 24-29).

This very forcible language is well adapted to Dr. Jeune's purpose, and coming, as it does, immediately after the proof of his charge against Rome, must have had an impressive effect upon those who heard him; if among them any had been induced, by the specious arguments of the Romanizing party, to think that the doctrine of that Church, with respect to the Blessed Virgin, was not so untenable as it is usually supposed to be by Protestants. But powerfully as it must have aroused them to the perception of the sinfulness of the course adopted by Rome with regard to her worship, it was not thought sufficient by Dr. Jeune. It is followed up by observations which give to his sermon a completeness that will be found very inconvenient to our opponents, should they, in disregard of their usual policy, condescend to notice his assault. He has not contented himself with mere vague charges, nor, in drawing the attention of his hearers to the blasphemous appropriation to the Virginmother of our Lord, of those expressions of Scripture which are confined to him, has he contented himself with adducing the evidence upon which that charge depends, and with then offering merely general remarks; but has followed up these portions of his sermon with some pungent remarks upon the untenability of the doctrine of Rome, on this particular point, that will amply repay perusal, and has, in the general remarks on the doctrine contained in the text, with which he concludes, brought forward arguments that are decisive as well as practical. In short it is a perfect production, admirably adapted to open the eyes of those to whom it was addressed, and as such, likely to prove highly serviceable to the Church at this peculiar juncture.

Dr. Jeune tells us, in the advertisement to the reader, that by the advice of those friends at whose recommendation the sermon is printed, he has given (in foot notes, and in an appendix) in the original language, the passages to which he has referred in the text; and this is an exercise of discretion, that in

all future publications, whether by himself or others, we most earnestly recommend to be imitated. Dr. Pusey, in a note to his sermon on the "Entire Absolution of the Penitent," endeavours to get rid of Michelet, upon an allegation of deficiency in the authentication of the facts upon which he depends; and, although it is notorious that evidence in abundance can be produced, in answer to Dr. Pusey and others who side with Rome, there is so much in the objection calculated to mislead weak minds, that we would most strongly recommend the most accurate attention to this point by all who may be called upon, Jor who may feel disposed, to take part in the present controversy. For it must be remembered that it is to the weak that they must especially attend-their necessities must be provided for the strong-minded are not in danger of falling, and may, therefore, comparatively speaking, be left alone. Mr. Newman's secession, indeed, may be thrown in our teeth as an answer to this assertion; but we think it will be obvious to every one, that in spite of his great abilities, his mind has become impaired by the peculiarity of his situation, so as to make it questionable whether he may, strictly speaking, be looked upon as an exception. But even, supposing him to be so, it will not make our recommendation inapplicable: it will still be of most consequence to attend to the necessities of those who are in most danger the little ones of the University and the Church those upon whom the most strenuous attempts are made, seven as they are those with whom the greatest success is expected.

vo Nor can we conclude these hurried observations without commending to the notice of those who partake with Dr. Jeune, in the confidence of the University, the particular kind of warfare adopted by him. This is no time for inaction-neither is it the tetime for mere defensive operations. We must carry the contest -into the enemy's camp, so as to make him see that he must dook to himself and withdraw from his present course; and it is certain that, in the attempt to do so, nothing will be half so productive of effect as such short and brilliant attacks as that before us. Let the distinctive doctrines between England and Rome be brought forward-the fallacies and impieties of our opponents be exposed, in sermons of moderate length and of pointed language, or in treatises of equal conciseness (though these will not be so effective as the former, as the former can be published as well as preached, the latter published only)— and it is almost inconceivable what benefit will accrue to the cause that we have in hand. Your lengthened treatise will be read by some, perhaps by many, but not by half so many as

1

will these. The expenditure of time, money, and patience, that they involve, is nearly as much against their readers as their authors and there is, besides this, so much ground for the popular prejudice against great books, that they not unfrequently prove themselves great evils. Mr. Ward's "large work?? is an illustrious example of this-Mr. Newman's not an exception. The former, unless read with an object, would hardly be read through by any one: the latter is difficult of digestion; its parenthetical illustrations are so many, so long, and so little to the purpose, that it is hardly adapted to produce effect. And hence it is, that though its great author is gone, and has now departed from us for some time, few have been they who have followed him he has not carried with him the band that was expected. Men of less ability than himself have been as useful to Rome in bringing converts-he certainly is not facile princeps, bedt We believe that we have truth on our side, and ability enough is left in the University, notwithstanding recent secessions, to warrant the attempt to assist the Church; and all that is wanted, -to ensure success, is a concentration of power upon points that are likely to tell; upon such, that is, as are likely to yield up their effects to the shortest process-such as can be treated of in an animated manner without inconvenience either to the teacher or the taught. We are satisfied that this is not the last time we shall hear of Dr. Jeune; neither the last time that he will be requested to publish his valuable productions; but one man cannot do everything: neither will those others, to whom we have alluded, wish him to bear the whole weight of the contest; and we trust that such of them as have already shown that they rare true to the Church, by the condemnation of the immoral attempts that have been made against the junior members of the University, will come forward to share the work with him, and be quickly followed by others, so that, by a division of labour, the effect that is to be desired may be the sooner produced, and Oxford resume its wonted position in the affections of the people, without risk of calumny or fear of reproach. Not that we would recommend, as a general rule, controversy, even in an university pulpit; but controversy, like the more dreadful forms of war, is sometimes necessary; and is, as they are, most : blessed when it is short and effective.

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490

Papers read before the Statistical Society of Manchester, on the Demoralization and Injuries occasioned by the want of Proper Regulations of Labourers engaged in the Construction and Working of Railways. Manchester: Simms and Dinham.

WE would very earnestly call the attention of our readers and the public to the statements contained in this pamphlet, which comprises observations on the subjects indicated in its title by individuals who may well claim our regards from their position— Mr. Robertson, a surgeon of high standing and extensive practice in Manchester, and president of the society before which the papers were read; Mr. Rawlinson, the engineer to the Bridgewater Trust (the extensive canal navigation, worked by the celebrated Brindley, and now the property of Lord Francis Egerton); and Thomas Edwin Chadwick, one of the commissioners of inquiry into the labour of young persons in factories, &c. It has been placed in our hands too late for any extended notice; but, as we deem the facts which it makes known too important to allow it to remain over to another publication, we shall lay a few extracts from it at once before our readers.

It presents us with a frightful view of an evil, existing in our very midst, almost unknown, and one which, from the present tendency of commercial enterprise, is likely to go on increasing to an indefinite extent; and bad as are the injury to life and limb, occasioned by this want of proper regulations for our railway system (affecting not only the sufferers, but consequently the community at large), the demoralization ensuing on it is, in our opinion, far worse; and calls for immediate help, if we would have a stop put to what we must term a wholesale heathenizing of a large, an increasing, and important part of the population. Mr. Robertson's letter exhibits an appalling list of accidents, arising out of the cutting of the summit tunnel on the Sheffield and Manchester Railway-thirty-two lives lost, and one hundred and forty-seven hurts, besides four hundred minor accidents; these including seven amputations of fingers. And it is the deliberate opinion of these gentlemen, borne out by facts that are adduced, that so frightful an expenditure of life and health might have been very greatly diminished had proper precautions been adopted in the management of the works. It is not a little startling to be informed that the number of killed and wounded, during that work, nearly equal the proportionate casualties of a campaign, or a severe battle! The losses in this one work may be stated as more than three per cent. of

killed, and fourteen per cent. wounded! The deaths in the four battles of Talavera, Salamanca, Vittoria, and Waterloo, were only 2.11 per cent. of privates; and in the last forty-one months of the Peninsular war, the mortality of privates in battle was 4.2 per cent., and of disease 11.9 per cent." Nor is this the only point to be looked at. Mr. Chadwick further informs us:"In the case of deaths occurring in the prosecution of such works, the relief of the destitute, widowhood, and orphanage, has fallen upon the distant, parishes from which the labourers have been frequently taken:" so that this heedlessness not only wastes life, but also imposes heavy pecuniary burdens on the country, and proximately on that part of it least benefitted by the undertaking.

The immorality of the workmen employed upon this tunnel was such as we cannot go into; and no wonder, considering the number of people crowded together from all parts-fourteen and fifteen men in one hut of two apartments; no provision made for religious instruction, for either the sick or healthy; and the work going on Sunday and week-day alike: not pump ing, or such work as might arise from an emergency, but regular boring, and blasting, and mason-work.

It is a deep disgrace to the parties concerned; but we suppose the contractor must bear the blame rather than the directors. These are only concerned to get the thing done, any how-soon, and perhaps cheaply; though it is in another part well shewn that the best work-best in every way is the cheapest. One man, at this same tunnel, died, from fracture of the spine; and again and again, sinking into the grave, did he entreat to have the Bible read to him, and to receive such religious counsel as his poor forlorn spirit, shivering on the verge of eternity, felt it needed. But it was not be had! The company, or the contractors, had used up his body, and his soul was nothing to them-it had not entered into the agreement! Surely, the very "stones of the wall shall cry out" against such unrighteous, such ungodly doings!

The want of proper accommodation for the workmen is a serious evil, both for morals and health. Mr. Robertson asked a woman in one of the huts how ten or fourteen lodgers could dry their wet clothes by a single fire? Her answer was, that the "clothes were seldom half dry." For the state of morals, we must refer to the pamphlet itself. The incentives to drunkenness, from the manner of paying wages, are also touched upon:"July 11th, 1845, was pay-day, after a nine weeks**

We wish that some of the distinguished individuals who have, with such admirable zeal, applied themselves to the correction of abuses connected with